Faculty of Biomedical Sciences

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Anatomical variations of brachiocephalic artery among cadaveric population of Uganda and their implications on tracheostomy procedures
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Andrew Emmanuel Tito
The Brachiocephalic artery (BCA) expresses several anatomical variations in different populations, most of which are associated with variations in an aortic arch branching pattern. The variations in origin, branching pattern and the course of the Brachiocephalic artery in relation to the trachea and thyroid gland have profound surgical importance because any alteration in the ordinary course of the Brachiocephalic artery increases the possibility of accidental injury during emergency Tracheostomy or thyroid surgeries which may lead to a haemorrhage that is fatal to the patient. The study was done to examine variations in morphology and morphometry of the Brachiocephalic artery and their clinical implications. Fifty-eight (58) adult cadavers, 57 males and 1 female were dissected to expose the Brachiocephalic artery and the morphological and morphometric variations were recorded. Fifty-one (51) cadavers (87.6%) had the Brachiocephalic artery arising directly from the aortic arch while 7 cadavers (12.4%) had the artery originating from the common trunk with the left common carotid artery. In relation to the trachea, the BCA arose on the left anterolateral to the trachea in 57 cadavers (98.3%) and in one female cadaver (1.7%), the artery arose in the midline anterior to the trachea and ascended to terminate at the posterior surface of right sternoclavicular joint where it bifurcated into right subclavian and right common carotid artery in all 58 cadavers. The mean torso length of cadavers was found to be 45.78±2.93cm and the mean length of Brachiocephalic artery was found to be 4.14±0.58cm. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between cadaveric torso length and BCA length (r=0.33, p<0.05,) which implies that individuals with longer torsos may have longer BCA. In majority of the population in Uganda, the Brachiocephalic artery has a normal origin, course and branching pattern. Occurrence of origin variant of BCA from common trunk may be associated with tracheal compression, aortic dialation and it should be considered as a potential risk factor for thoracic aortic aneurysm. Also, the observed origin of BCA in the midline anterior to trachea can increases chances of accidental to the artery during Tracheostomy and should be taken into consideration during pre-operative planning for Tracheostomy. The observed relationship between torso length and BCA can used for estimation of BCA length for BCA catheterization. Similar studies in living individuals using MRI and angiography is recommended to enable the comparison of cadaveric and living human data.
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli And Risk Factors Associated With Urinary Tract Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients Attending Itojo Hospital
(Kampala International University, 2023) Shabohurira Ambrose
Introduction and back ground: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms in the organs of the urinary tract system (Dadi Marami et al., 2019). Human immunodeficiency virus infection is one of the major comorbidities that cause serious health related challenges in a population that harbour this virus. HIV infects and kills essential immune system cells in the body, including helper T cells (particularly CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells This predisposes this population to increased risks of getting opportunistic infections including urinary tract infections (Haile Hantalo et al 2020). Objectives of the study: Antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and risk factors associated with urinary tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients attending Itojo hospital Materials and methods:A total of 333 urine samples were bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation and characterization of uropathogenic of E. coli using standard microbiology techniques. Results: Of the 333 clean catch urine samples were collected and analyzed, 120 (36.0%) Samples yielded cultural growth, 34 (28.3%) of these were confirmed E.coli. Meropenem and levofloxacin antibiotics (79.4%) while exhibited high resistance to Nitofurantoin (100%), followed by resistance to gentamicin (94.1%). PCR amplification of DNA from all E. coli isolates (both ESBL producers and non-producers) showed the presence of BlaTEM gene (493 bp), BlaCTX-M genes (410 bp) and BlaSHV genes (214 bp). Out of 34 isolates genotyped for the presence of selected ESBL genes, highest occurrence of BlaTEM genes (70.6%) documented, followed by BlaCTX-M genes (52.9%), combination of BlaTEM and BlaCTX-M genes (41.2%) and least BlaSHV genes (5.9%). The study showed that level of education p value 0.035* was statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of uropathogenic E. coli among the studied HIV participants. It revealed that the level of education an associated risk factor for the prevalence of E. coli among the studied participants. Conclusion and recommendation: A prevalence of 28.3% uropathogenic E. coli was reported among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients Attending Itojo Hospital. The study revealed that uropathogenic E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to meropenem and levofloxacin antibiotics (79.4%) while exhibited high resistance to Nitofurantoin (100%), followed by resistance to gentamicin (94.1%). Majority of the isolates (76.5%) were phenotypically ESBL producers. There is need for increased surveillance for prompt detection of MDR UPEC in our hospitals and hospital laboratories to ensure guided therapeutic management for proper prognosis of our patients.
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli and Risk Factors Associated With Urinary Tract Infections among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients Attending Itojo Hospital
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Shabohurira Ambrose
Introduction and back ground: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms in the organs of the urinary tract system (Dadi Marami et al., 2019). Human immunodeficiency virus infection is one of the major comorbidities that cause serious health related challenges in a population that harbour this virus. HIV infects and kills essential immune system cells in the body, including helper T cells (particularly CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells This predisposes this population to increased risks of getting opportunistic infections including urinary tract infections (Haile Hantalo et al 2020). Objectives of the study: Antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and risk factors associated with urinary tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients attending Itojo hospital Materials and methods:A total of 333 urine samples were bacteriologically analyzed for the isolation and characterization of uropathogenic of E. coli using standard microbiology techniques. Results: Of the 333 clean catch urine samples were collected and analyzed, 120 (36.0%) Samples yielded cultural growth, 34 (28.3%) of these were confirmed E.coli. Meropenem and levofloxacin antibiotics (79.4%) while exhibited high resistance to Nitofurantoin (100%), followed by resistance to gentamicin (94.1%). PCR amplification of DNA from all E. coli isolates (both ESBL producers and non-producers) showed the presence of BlaTEM gene (493 bp), BlaCTX-M genes (410 bp) and BlaSHV genes (214 bp). Out of 34 isolates genotyped for the presence of selected ESBL genes, highest occurrence of BlaTEM genes (70.6%) documented, followed by BlaCTX-M genes (52.9%), combination of BlaTEM and BlaCTX-M genes (41.2%) and least BlaSHV genes (5.9%). The study showed that level of education p value 0.035* was statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of uropathogenic E. coli among the studied HIV participants. It revealed that the level of education an associated risk factor for the prevalence of E. coli among the studied participants. Conclusion and recommendation: A prevalence of 28.3% uropathogenic E. coli was reported among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients Attending Itojo Hospital. The study revealed that uropathogenic E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to meropenem and levofloxacin antibiotics (79.4%) while exhibited high resistance to Nitofurantoin (100%), followed by resistance to gentamicin (94.1%). Majority of the isolates (76.5%) were phenotypically ESBL producers. There is need for increased surveillance for prompt detection of MDR UPEC in our hospitals and hospital laboratories to ensure guided therapeutic management for proper prognosis of our patients.
Characterization of escherichia coli isolates producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase from urinary tract infected patients in selected hospitals in Kisii County, Kenya
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Christine Gechemba Mokaya
Brief introduction: The second easiest sickness in the world after respiratory disorders is Urinary tract infection (UTI), a type of contamination that affects the urethra, ureters and bladder. The pathogen that infects the circulatory and urinary systems most frequently across the globe is Escherichia coli. Numerous medical facilities have been devastated by E. coli’s antibiotic resistance, making it difficult to eradicate infections among patients. This has created a global healthcare problem, by limiting the antimicrobial medications that can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Development of resistance is due to change in bacterial genes involved in virulence and pathogenicity and these genes can be studied at molecular level. Objectives of the study: Characterization of multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates from urinary tract infected patients attending selected hospitals in Kisii County, Kenya. Materials and methods: A total of 203 samples of urine were obtained, bacteriologically analyzed using various biochemical tests, sensitivity tests were done on E. coli isolates and those that were found to be resistant to antibiotics were isolated and characterized using standard microbiology techniques. Results: of the 203 clean midstream samples that were collected and analyzed, 115 (56.65%) yielded bacterial growth, and out of the 115, 24 (20.87%) sample confirmed positive for E. coli. Amoxicillin exhibited high resistance (100%), followed closely by ceftriaxone (53.33%). PCR amplification of DNA from the E. coli isolates that produced ESBL showed the BlaTEM gene's presence (62.5%), and BlaCTX-M genes and BlaSHV genes were absent. Conclusion and recommendation: A prevalence of 20.87% was reported. The study revealed that UPEC isolates were completely (100%) sensitive to imipenem and completely resistant to amoxicillin (100%). BlaTEM gene was the most dominant gene. To avoid excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics as well as treatment failures, it is advised to routinely screen isolates that produce ESBL before administering antibiotics.
Effects and mechanisms of action of ethanol extract of warburgia ugandensis (sprague) stem bark on spatial memory in scopolamine-induced amnesic male wistar rats
(2023-05) Jjesero Edward
Background: The memory enhancing potential of stem bark Warburgia Ugandensis ethanol extract (SBWUEE) was evaluated on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. Neurodegenerative disorders that lead to memory loss still have a high incidence of approximately 51.6 million people worldwide (Javaid et al., 2021) and ongoing studies are focusing on medicinal plants that possess cognition-enhancing properties for example Warburgia ugandensis stem barks are traditionally used to improve memory in Western Uganda (Musinguzi et al., 2017). The objective of this study was to determine the effect and mechanisms of action of ethanol extract of Warburgia ugandensis stem bark on memory in scopolamine-induced amnesic male Wistar rats. Methods: A toxicity study was conducted on Wistar rats classified SBWUEE extracts as non-cytotoxic and showed a lethal dose (oral) of (LD50) >5000 mg/kg body weight; to show that it can be used with minimal health risks. To evaluate spatial memory retention, the Morris water maze swimming test was performed to measure escape latency time (in seconds). The activity of acetylcholinestrase enzyme was determined using the Ellman method (Seyed et al., 2018) while lipid peroxidation estimated as TBARS determined using malondialdehyde (MDA) and followed the thiobarbituric acid reaction of Mihara and Uchiyama (Tabari et al., 2016). To assess activity of catalase enzyme, the method by Beer and Sizer was used (Nigam et al., 2019). For hippocampus histology, sliced sections were stained following Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining technique for general cyto-achitecture, mounted, then photographed using an optical microscope. Results: Scopolamine treatment increased the escape latency time but post-treatment with SBWUEE decreased the escape latency time (42 + 5.0sec) of 50mg/kg, 40 ± 5.0sec of 100mg/kg and 36 ± 8.0sec of 200mg/kg on day 4). The SBWUEE reduced the acetylcholinesterase level in the hippocampus of scopolamine-injected rats (p < 0.0001 for all groups) by 60.9%. Scopolamine injection significantly depleted the antioxidant activities in hippocampal tissue, that is catalase activity (p<0.0001), malondialdehyde (p<0.0001), but these changes were reversed by SBWUEE treatment. H&E staining illustrated extract’s neuroprotective effect, SBWUEE at 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed significant repair of pyramidal cells. Conclusions: These results showed that SBWUEE attenuated the learning and memory impairment that was induced by scopolamine, improved memory impairment by inhibiting AchE, reduced antioxidation in catalase activity and MDA, while neurogenesis that had been altered was recovered by SBWUEE. The study findings suggest that SBWUEE could be a potent pharmacological drug against memory loss, and its possible mechanism might be through modulating cholinergic activity. Recommendations: A detailed study is recommended to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of memory enhancement of stem bark Warburgia ugandensis ethanol extract (SBWUEE).
Effects of Tamarindus indica Seeds’ Aqueous Extract on the Kidney and Liver , Following High-cholesterol diet Exposure in Male Wistar Rats
(Kampala International University, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences., 2023-04) Ibrahim Ssengendo
Hypercholesterolemia has been reported by world heart federation (2017) to be prevalent globally to up 39%, and Nakibbuka et al (2015) indicated the rise in elevated cholesterol levels among youth and elderly in rural and urban centers of Uganda. The use of traditional medicine in the management of diseases is on the rise in developing countries. This study aims to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica seeds (AETI) on the Kidney and Liver of male Wistar rats fed on a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Thirty Rats were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 6) as follows; Group I (2 ml/ kg distilled water), Group II (HCD and 300mg/kg AETI), Group III (HCD and 500mg/kg AETI), Group IV (HCD and 260mg/kg Questran), Group V (HCD and 2 ml/ kg distilled water). The administration lasted for 61 days, HCD was only introduced for the first forty days. The administration of distilled water, AETI, and Questran were done orally via gastric tube. Blood samples for lipid profile analysis were collected on day 41 and day 62, after which the rats were euthanized to harvest the Kidney and Liver for macroscopic and microscopic examination. There was no significant change in the average body weight of the rats throughout the experiment, except in groupV when compared to normal control. The Liver sections present severe Liver injury in HCD + 2ml/kg distilled water group, moderate Liver injury in the 300mg/kg AETI group, very mild histomorphological changes in the 500mg/kg AETI group and no histomorphological changes in the Questran group. The Kidney sections showed no visible histological changes. The lipid profile analysis showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride in rats treated with AETI, with the 500mg/kg dose showing a better response than the 300mg/kg, when compared to the Questran group. The effects of AETI against elevated cholesterol levels were greater at day 62 than day 41. In conclusion, Tamarindus indica seeds had protective effects against tissue injuries in Liver caused by raised blood cholesterol levels and also lowered the elevated blood cholesterol levels in rats
Effects of aqueous leaf extract of thunbergia alata (boxer ex sims) on reproductive parameters in male wistar rats
(Kampala International University, 2023-05-15) Nandala Christopher
Thunbergia alata (T. alata) leaves have been documented to enhance sexual activity but the parameters it affects remain unknown. This study was to determine the effect of aqueous leaf extract of T. alata on reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. Twenty-five male wistar rats (150-200g, n=5) were grouped as follows; Group A:1 mL of distilled water (Negative control), Group B:Sildenafil citrate 25mg/kg b. w. (Positive control), Group C; Aqueous leaf extract of T. alataat a dose of 250mg/kg b. w , Group D ;Aqueous leaf extract of T. alata at a dose of 500mg/kg b. w, Group E; Aqueous leaf extract of T. alata at a dose of 1000mg/kg b. w. These rats were orally administered with different test agents daily for a period of 30days and thereafter sedated with Diethyl ether, sacrificed, and the testis and epididymis removed. Sperm variables examined microscopically, serum sex hormones. Indicated that there was a significant (p = 0.006) increase in the mean testosterone levels of the animals treated with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of T. alata as compared to those treated with sildenafil. Significant increases in sperm count were seen in the animals which were treated with 1000 mg/kg of T. alata. Regarding the mean levels of follicle stimulating hormone, the study notes that there was a significant (p <0.001) increase in the mean follicle stimulating hormone levels in the animals which were treated with 500 mg/ kg and 1000 mg/kg. A significant (p = 0.006) and (p = 0.013) increase in sperm motility was noted between the animals treated with 1000 mg/kg of T. alata and the animals that were treated with distilled water and 250 mg/kg of T. alata respectively. The study also noted a significant (p = 0.025) and (p <0.001) increase in sperm viability between the animals treated with 500 mg/ kg and 1000 mg/ kg of T. alata with those that received distilled water. Furthermore, there was also a significant (p = 0.001) and (p = 0.013) increase in sperm viability in the animals treated with 1000 mg/kg of T. alata and those that received sildenafil and 250 mg/ kg of T. alata respectively.
Effects of ethanol root extract of taraxacum officinale (dandelion) on some renal functions in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats
(Kampala International University, 2023-11) Umar Uthman Shehu
This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of ethanol root extract of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) on some renal functions in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were equally divided into 5 groups of 4 rats each as follows: Group 1 (normal control) was given distilled water, Group 2 (positive control) was given gentamicin (80 mg/kg, i.p.), Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight ethanol root extract of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), respectively. The extract was administered for seven consecutive days by oral gavage after 7days of gentamicin administration to these groups. After 14 days of treatment with gentamicin and extract the rats were sacrificed and blood samples and kidney were collected for biochemical assays and histopathological examination respectively. The results obtained from this study revealed that treatment with gentamicin increased the serum levels of creatinine and BUN, urine volume and some electrolytes. Treatment with ethanol root extract of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the levels of creatinine, BUN, urine volume and some electrolytes when compared to the positive control group. Also, histopathological examination of the renal tissues showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in the severity of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in Groups 4 and 5 when compared to the positive control group. This study therefore suggests that ethanol root extract of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) could be beneficial in the management of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats.
Effects of phenolic rich fraction of solanum betaceum (tamarillo) fruit-extract on selected biochemical markers of atorvastatin induced hepato myotoxicity in female wistar rats.
(Kampala International University, 2023-12) Jackie Rachael Mpumbya
Background: Atorvastatin, is an antihyperlipidemic medication which induces myopathy and hepatotoxicity. Solanum betaceum (tamarillo) is a common fruit in Uganda and very rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, involved in the scavenging of the free radicals that are usually produced as a result of oxidative stress. Aim: The study's objective was to ascertain the impact of the phenolic-rich fraction of S. betaceum fruit extract (PRFSBFE) on selected biochemical indicators of atorvastatin-induced hepatic-myotoxicity in female rats. Methods: A total of thirty (30) female Wistar albino rats were randomly signed into five experimental groups with six (6) rats each. Group 1 (normal control) received distilled water only. Group 2 (Negative control) received 80 mg/kg/ body weight (b.w) Atorvastatin only. Groups 3 -5(test groups) received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/ b.w of PRFFESB 90 minutes before 80 mg/kg b.w Atorvastatin respectively. The rats were on normal rat pellets and the treatment was once a day for 28 days. The bioactive compounds of PRFSBFE were analyzed with the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) technique. Results: The results of the GCMS analysis of the PRFFESB revealed one hundred forty-five bioactive compounds with 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (16.455 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3 dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6- methyl- (16.325 %), But-2-enedioic acid, dimethyl ester (7. 700 %), 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-(5.564 %) and Heptyl ethyl phosphonofluoridate (4.370 %) as the major constituents (high peak values) while 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 4 hydroxy-8-methoxy-, ethyl ester (0.001%) as the least abundant (low peak values). Atorvastatin administration in female rats significantly (p<0.05) elevated the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase, levels of bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) with the reduction in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase Interestingly, PRFFESB administration 90 minutes before atorvastatin in the female Wistar albino rats markedly restored the altered liver, muscle, and oxidative stress markers Conclusion: PRFFESB protected against atorvastatin-induced hepato-myotoxicity by lowering oxidative stress and serum levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, CK, and LDH.
Effects Of Phenolic Rich Fraction Of Solanum betaceum (tamarillo) Fruit-Extract On Selected Biochemical Markers Of Atorvastatin Induced Hepato-Myotoxicity In Female Wistar Rats.
(Kampala International University, 2023-09) MPUMBYA JACKIE RACHAEL
Background: Atorvastatin, is an antihyperlipidemic medication which induces myopathy and hepatotoxicity. Solanum betaceum (tamarillo)is a common fruit in Uganda and very rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, involved in the scavenging of the free radicals that are usually produced as a result of oxidative stress. Aim: The study's objective was to ascertain the impact of the phenolic-rich fraction of S. betaceum fruit extract (PRFSBFE) on selected biochemical indicators of atorvastatin-induced hepatic-myotoxicity in female rats. Methods: A total of thirty (30) female Wistar albino rats were randomly signed into five experimental groups with six (6) rats each. Group 1(normal control) received distilled water only. Group 2(Negative control) received 80 mg/kg/ body weight (b.w) Atorvastatin only. Groups 3 -5(test groups) received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/ b.w of PRFFESB 90 minutes before 80 mg/kg b.wAtorvastatin respectively. The rats were on normal rat pellets and the treatment was once a day for 28 days. The bioactive compounds of PRFSBFE were analyzed with the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) technique. Results: The results of the GCMS analysis of the PRFFESB revealed one hundred forty-five bioactive compounds with 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (16.455 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6- methyl- (16.325 %), But-2-enedioic acid, dimethyl ester (7. 700 %), 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-(5.564 %) and Heptyl ethyl phosphonofluoridate (4.370 %) as the major constituents (high peak values) while 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-, ethyl ester (0.001%) as the least abundant (low peak values). Atorvastatin administration in female rats significantly (p<0.05) elevated the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase, levels of bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) with the reduction in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase Interestingly, PRFFESB administration 90 minutes before atorvastatin in the female Wistar albino rats markedly restored the altered liver, muscle, and oxidative stress markers Conclusion: PRFFESB protected against atorvastatin-induced hepato-myotoxicity by lowering oxidative stress and serum levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, CK, and LDH.
Efficacy of Lytic Bacteriophages isolated from SouthWestern Uganda against Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa and E. Coli
(Kampala International University, 2023-01-05) Ntulume Ibrahim
The escalating rate of infections due to carbapenem resistant bacteria has led to a revived interest in compassionate use of phage therapy either as a substitute or supplement to conventional antibiotics. The present study aimed at characterizing and determining the lytic efficacy of bacteriophage isolates from selected waste dump sites in Southwestern Uganda against carbapenem-resistant (CR) P. aeruginosa and E. coli. A laboratory experimental study design was conducted. Eighteen samples (soil and leachate) were collected from 3 selected waste dump sites (Kekombe, Kabagarame and Kidodo waste dumpsites). Phage isolation was done using the double agar overlay plaque technique and their lytic activity against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli was determined using both spot and in vitro therapeutic inhibition assays. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of efficacious phages was done. The phage cocktail (1:1) was assayed for biofilm inhibitory efficacy. Sixteen lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli were identified. Only four (04) phages; KA06ph03KA, KA01C, BU03B, and KE01E exhibited high virulence with mean efficiency of plating (EOP) of 0.169–0.552) and broad-spectrum of activity. These phages produced clear pin point to small sized plaques (0.1 - 1 mm diameter) and formed turbid haloes on E. coli hosts. These phages had short latent periods (5–20 minutes), short adsorption times (5–15 min), variable burst sizes (21–101 PFU/infected cell) and burst times (25–85 min). Their thermal stability ranged between -20°C to 60°C except phages KA01C and KA06ph03KA that retained stability at both 70°C and 80°C for 10 min and shared pH stability range of 2 to 10. The phage cocktail exhibited maximal inhibitory effects within 2 to 3 hours as compared to individual phages. Even so, it was more effective in treating the planktonic cells and 24 hr old biofilms of CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The studied waste dumpsites harbored virulent lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli and the phage cocktail had better therapeutic potential over individual phages. The study therefore recommends molecular characterization and in vivo efficacy testing of the isolated in order to ascertain their safety for therapeutic usage in humans as well as use of phage cocktail as opposed to individual phages.
Efficacy of Lytic Bacteriophages Isolated from Waste Dumpsites in Southwestern Uganda Against Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa AND E. coli
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Ntulume Ibrahim
The escalating rate of infections due to carbapenem resistant bacteria has led to a revived interest in compassionate use of phage therapy either as a substitute or supplement to conventional antibiotics. The present study aimed at characterizing and determining the lytic efficacy of bacteriophage isolates from selected waste dump sites in Southwestern Uganda against carbapenem-resistant (CR) P. aeruginosa and E. coli. A laboratory experimental study design was conducted. Eighteen samples (soil and leachate) were collected from 3 selected waste dump sites (Kekombe, Kabagarame and Kidodo waste dumpsites). Phage isolation was done using the double agar overlay plaque technique and their lytic activity against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli was determined using both spot and in vitro therapeutic inhibition assays. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of efficacious phages was done. The phage cocktail (1:1) was assayed for biofilm inhibitory efficacy. Sixteen lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli were identified. Only four (04) phages; KA06ph03KA, KA01C, BU03B, and KE01E exhibited high virulence with mean efficiency of plating (EOP) of 0.169–0.552) and broad-spectrum of activity. These phages produced clear pin point to small sized plaques (0.1 - 1 mm diameter) and formed turbid haloes on E. coli hosts. These phages had short latent periods (5–20 minutes), short adsorption times (5–15 min), variable burst sizes (21–101 PFU/infected cell) and burst times (25–85 min). Their thermal stability ranged between -20°C to 60°C except phages KA01C and KA06ph03KA that retained stability at both 70°C and 80°C for 10 min and shared pH stability range of 2 to 10. The phage cocktail exhibited maximal inhibitory effects within 2 to 3 hours as compared to individual phages. Even so, it was more effective in treating the planktonic cells and 24 hr old biofilms of CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The studied waste dumpsites harbored virulent lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli and the phage cocktail had better therapeutic potential over individual phages. The study therefore recommends molecular characterization and in vivo efficacy testing of the isolated in order to ascertain their safety for therapeutic usage in humans as well as use of phage cocktail as opposed to individual phages.
Evaluation of the Effects of Galinsoga parviflora (Cav) Aqueous Leaf Extract on the Cerebellum During Mercury Exposure in Adult Male Mice
(Kampala International University, 2021-10) John Ayuba Tabakwot
Background: The cerebellum forms a major part of the brain and its function is to control all muscular movements and coordination. Injury or damage to the cells of the cerebellum may lead to conditions like; ataxia, Joubert syndrome, and many others. These injuries may be a result of traumatic brain injuries or toxic agents such as mercury, tin, and aluminum. For example, mercury exposure has been reported to be part of our daily lives, therefore it is important to understand the pathological implication that might follow these exposures and also with the help of a local herb; Galinsoga parviflora (GP) to find a cheap and readily available management solution to mercury toxicity in the cerebellum. Objective: This study was designed to demonstrate the effects of Galinsoga parviflora (Cav) aqueous leaf extract on mercury-induced cerebellar damage in adult male mice. Method: Twenty-five adult male mice of an average weight of 25g were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each (n=5). The animals in Groups 1-5 received oral administration of distilled water, 2.3mg/kg body weight of HgCl2, 2.3 mg/kg HgCl2 followed by GP extract (800mg/kg), GP extract (800mg/kg) followed by 2.3 mg/kg HgCl2 and GP extract (800mg/kg) followed by 2.3 mg/kg HgCl2 concurrently respectively. These treatments were followed by behavioral tests, euthanization of the animals through perfusion fixation and tissue samples were harvested for histological, histochemical and biochemical analyses. Results: There was evidence of pyknotic cells, degenerating myelin, region of linear distribution of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of group 2 animals. Also, these animals exhibited abnormal neuromuscular function and uncoordinated balance and posture. Furthermore, there was reduction in CAT (220.28±27.84) and SOD (43.25±13.28) concentration and increase in MDA (3.03±0.09) levels in the cerebellum of the mice. The animals in group 3 revealed reduced pyknotic cells, presence myelination in their cerebellum. Also, they showed neuromuscular function and coordinated balance and posture controls. Furthermore, there was significant increase in concentration of CAT (264.52±3.61) and SOD (50.0±4.08) and reduced in level of MDA in the cerebellum (2.96±0.20). Group 4 animals revealed evidence of less pyknotic cells, reduced linear distribution of Purkinje cells, evidence of myelination in the cerebellum. Also these animals exhibited neuromuscular functions and coordinated balance and posture controls. Furthermore, there was significant increase in concentration of CAT (299.25±13.49), reduction in concentration vii SOD (55.0±5.40) and increase in MDA (3.19±0.15) level in the cerebellum. Group 5 animals revealed evidence of relatively high normal pyramidal cell, shorter region of reduced linear distribution, normal axonal myelination of Purkinje fibers. Also the animals showed normal neuromuscular function, coordinated balance and posture, significant increase in concentration of CAT (275.4±16.04), SOD (76.75±2.36) and increase level of MDA(2.73±0.19) in the cerebellum. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study revealed that mercury exposure in the cerebellum of mice caused pyknosis, reduced myelination in the axons, loss of neuromuscular function, loss of balance and coordination and reduced antioxidant activities. However, the introduction of Galinsoga parviflora in the cerebellum acted as a therapeutic agent against mercury toxicity in the cerebellum of adult male mice.
Evauation of Hepato-nephroprotective effects of methanol extract of punica in High Active Antiretroviral Therapy induced toxicity in Wistar rats
(Kampala International University, 2023-02-21) Kwizera Eliah
Background: Prolonged use of HAART has been linked to toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There are few effective drugs for HAART patients that not only promote renal tubule and hepatic cell regeneration but also prevent liver and kidney injury. It is critical to look for affordable, efficient, and safe medications to supplement the already prescribed medications with questionable efficacy and safety. This includes using herbal remedies to treat HAART-related liver and kidney damage Aim of the study: To investigate the hepato-nephroprotective effects of methanol fruit extract of Punica granatum in highly active antiretroviral therapy (Tenofovir, Lamivudine, and Dolutegravir) administered rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats weighing between 150-180g were randomly divided into six groups and each group comprised of five rats. Distilled water was given to the rats in group 1. Only TLD, a HAART based treatment, was given to the rats in group 2. P. granatum at doses 100 and 400 mg/kg was given to rats in groups 3 through 4. P. granatum dosages of 100 and 400 mg/kg along with TLD were given to the rats in groups 5 through 6, respectively. For 40 days straight, the therapies were given orally. Under halothane anesthesia, all rats were sacrificed on day 41. Liver and kidney tissues were utilized for oxidative stress markers and histological evaluation, and blood sampl8es were taken to examine biochemical parameters. Results: In the HAART (TLD) treated group, there was a significantly higher amount of lipid peroxidation end product, MDA, in both liver and kidney homogenates as well as a significantly lower level of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. As measured by ALT, AST, ALP, Albumin, bilirubin, Urea, and creatinine in the biochemical analysis, animals treated with HAART (TLD) had significantly higher levels of these biomarkers of liver and kidney damage than the normal control animals. In contrast, all of these liver and kidney function markers were returned to normal levels in the HAART-treated group after coadministration of P. granatum fruit extract. The liver and kidney tissue of animals given HAART had considerable structural damage, according to histopathological studies. When HAART-exposed rats were treated with PG, both the biochemical and histological results significantly improved. Conclusion: The antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of methanol fruit extract of P. granatum provided efficient defense against the liver and kidney oxidative damage caused by HAART. More research is needed to determine the safety of using PG fruit extract in humans.
Genotyping the human papillomavirus and associated risk factors in mono- and co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus among women attending KIU-TH
(Kampala International University, 2023-02) Swase Dominic Terkimbi
Introduction: The persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (Hr-HPV) genotype(s) play a pivotal role in cervical cancer prevalence in Uganda. This has been compounded with fact that, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reactivate HPV and facilitate the progression to cervical cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the circulating HPV genotype(s) and risk factors in HPV/HIV co-infection and HPV mono-infection among women attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This was a case-controlled study including 114 women attending KIU-TH Clinton Health Accesses Initiative (CHAI) and gynaecology units. Questionnaires were administered and information regarding the risk factors associated with HPV infection were collected. All women were examined for cervical cytological features using VIA and Pap smear. Further HPV genotypes were assessed by gene Xpert. Data was analysed with SPSS and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The findings from this study showed that 37 (32%) of patients were VIA positive and (28) 24% were Pap smear positive, 3(3%) and 2(2%) were ASCUS for VIA and Pap smear respectively. Further, study revealed that 20% Hr-HPV were from co-infections and 10% from mono-infection. The circulating Hr-HPV genotypes were in the order other HPV (17.2%), HPV16 (9%) and HPV 18/45 (7%). Risk factors such as multiple partners, marital status and use of condoms were found to be significantly associated with Hr-HPV infection at P < 0.05, whereas age, education, vaccination and educational level were not. Conclusion: In summary, the study revealed that several factors are linked to HPV infection and call for integration of cervical cancer screening using the combination of both VIA and Pap smear or gene Xpert as well as create awareness and implementation of vaccination program within Bushenyi District, and the country at-large.
Mechanistic Insight in Antioxidant Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on High fat-diet or sedentary lifestyle-induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Mouse Model
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Emmanuel Banzubaze
Cardiovascular disease, which includes stroke, heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and atherosclerosis, continues to be one of the major disorders affecting the heart and or blood arteries and is the largest cause of mortality worldwide. These could be attributed to exposure of risk factors such as malnutrition, physical inactivity and metabolic disorders, leading to increased oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms that respond to environmental cues like nutrition and exercise that can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not well understood, yet. The study focused in assessing on antioxidant effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on high fat-diet or sedentary lifestyle-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in the mouse model. A total of 120 male Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned into 12 experimental groups with 5 mice each. The first six groups were subjected various levels of exercise and recieved 30mg/kg of EGCG designated as chronic exercise (CE), voluntary exercise (VE), sedentary lifestyle (SL), CE+EGCG, VE+EGCG and SL+EGCG while the remaining six groups received diet treatments and EGCG designated as normal diet (ND), low fat diet (LFD), high fat-diet (HFD), ND+EGCG, LFD+EGCG and HDF+EGCG. The study lasted for 6 weeks and was repeated. Serum were collected and used to determine lipid profile and glucose levels to confirm induction of CVD. Biochemical, differential gene expression and deoxy nucleic acid (DNA) methylome analyses on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and thioredoxin (TRX1) genes were assessed as oxidative stress markers for CVD from processed liver tissues. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests and pairwise correlations between the control and treatment groups were performed using the GraphPad Prism version 6 software. Results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. The findings of the study showed that SL and HFD raised blood glucose levels and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), but that hypermethylation of genes also decreased hepatic antioxidant activity. There was a down-regulation of the antioxidant genes. On the other hand, EGCG decreased blood glucose and the lipid profile levels and increased the antioxidant activities. Also, there was significant up-regulation of SOD2, GPx1, CAT and TRX1 genes. Further, DNA hypomethylation of these genes was observed an epigenetic role of diet in impaired antioxidant defense system. This study demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate has CVD therapeutic potential.
Molecular characterisation and associated factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milkmen and cows associated with Sub-clinical mastitis in Kiruhura district, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-04-13) Reagan Muhwezi
Background: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among other causative agents, a superbug that poses a threat to the worldwide dairy industry and is notably blamed for the substantial financial losses documented on dairy farms in Uganda. The present study aimed at isolating and genotyping methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from milkmen and cows with subclinical mastitis in Kiruhura district, Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kiruhura district, western Uganda. Two hundred raw milk and 100 nasal samples (from milkmen) collected from 100 randomly selected dairy farms were analysed to obtain quantitative data. Qualitative data was obtained through farm observations and farmer interviews using formal questionnaires. Preliminary detection of Subclinical mastitis in cows was done using the California mastitis test (CMT). Standard culture and isolation of S. aureus from both milk and nasal swab samples were done. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. In addition, a conventional polymerisation chain reaction was performed on phenotypically identified S. aureus isolates to detect both spa and mecA genes of the methicillin resistant strains of S. aureus isolates. Results: Out of 200 cows sampled, 88.5% (95% CI; 0.8350-0.9239) were positive for CMT. 6.0% of cows had S. aureus infections, of which 4/12 (33.3%) had the MecA gene. Additionally, 9% of milkmen had nasal S. aureus, and 55.0% (5/9) were methicillin-resistant. The risk factors for the high prevalence of S. aureus infections among SCM infected dairy cows were included; milkmen with at most secondary level of education (aOR= 16.484, 95% CI= 1.739-156.262, p= 0.015), milkmen with nasal S. aureus (aOR= 13.722, 95% CI= 1.987-94.751, p= 0.008) and MRSA (OR= 16.312, 95% CI= 2.367.112.404, p= 0.005), and unhygienic milking places (p= 0.047). The occurrence of MRSA in SCM-infected cows was significantly associated with nasal MRSA (cOR= 62.667, 95% CI= 4.377-897.239, p= 0.002). All S. aureus isolates were extremely resistant to penicillin G, tetracycline, cefoxitin, and oxacillin while they were highly susceptible to gentamicin Conclusion: Bidirectional transmission of S. aureus and MRSA between milkmen and dairy cows was the major risk factor for SCM on studied dairy farms. There is a need to improve farm management and hygienic practices, in addition to routine laboratory checkups for SCM in dairy cows and nasal S. aureus in milkmen.
Monitoring Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Kitagata Hot Spring, Sheema District Southwestern Uganda: A Public Health ImplicatioN
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Hambali Kaltume Umar
Background: The alarming prevalence of Klebseilla pneumoniae in most recreational places such as hot spring waters is concerning, yet this superbug is associated with accelerated dissemination of multi drug resistance genes. The present study aimed at determining the spatial temporal prevalence of multi drug resistant K. pneumoniae in Kitagata hot spring, Sheema district, Southwestern Uganda. Methods: A descriptive longitudinal study design was conducted between May and July, 2023. Eighty water samples were collected in the morning and evening from purposively selected points of the hot spring at an interval of 1 week during the rainy and dry season. Temperatures at each point were measured prior to sample collection and two samples at varying depth were obtained. Five millitres of each homogenized sample was pre-enriched in brain heart infusion broth and then presumptive identification of K. pneumonia isolates was done both blood and violet red bile agars. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was performed followed by phenotypic detection of both extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase (CR) production. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect resistance genes; blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaKPC. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 to obtain chi square tests and Person’s product moment correlation coefficient using regression analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The prevalence of K. pneumoniae in Kitagata hot spring was 30.0%. 100% isolates exhibited extreme resistance to ampicillin, rifampicin, ceftazidime, and then followed by azithromycin (79.2%). 95.8% harbored blaTEM gene, followed by blaKPC gene (33.3%), both blaTEM + blaKPC genes (25.0%), blaCTX (20.8%), both blaTEM + blaCTX genes (12.5%) while 2 (8.3%) harbored the three resistance genes. A higher prevalence of K. pneumoniae (35.0%) was reported in the dry season as compared to the wet season (25.0%). The occurrence of MDR strains significantly increased overtime during the course of the study. Carriage of the three studied resistance genes was positively correlated with the second phase of sample collection and dry season while negatively correlated with temperature except isolates that harbored either blaTEM only or blaTEM+KPC +CTX genes. Conclusions: Kitagata hot spring serves as hot spot for continuous dissemination and acquisition multi drug resistant K. pneumoniae harboring resistance genes that encode for ESBL and CR production. The health sector should strengthen one health programs, AMR surveillance system, and sturdy stewardship training to provide health education to the communities
Monitoring Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae In Kitagata Hot spring,Sheema District South Western Uganda: A public Health Implication
(Kampala International University, 2023-09) Hambali Kaltume Umar
Background: The alarming prevalence of Klebseilla pneumoniae in most recreational places such as hot spring waters is concerning, yet this superbug is associated with accelerated dissemination of multi-drug resistance genes. The present study aimed at determining the spatial temporal prevalence of multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae in Kitagata hot spring, Sheema district, Southwestern Uganda. Methods: A laboratory based, descriptive longitudinal study design was conducted between May and July, 2023. Eighty water samples were collected in the morning and evening from purposively selected points of the hot spring at an interval of 1 week during the rainy and dry season. Temperatures at each point were measured prior to sample collection and two samples at varying depth were obtained. Five millitres of each homogenized sample was pre-enriched in brain heart infusion broth and then presumptive identification of K. pneumonia isolates was done both blood and violet red bile agars. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was performed followed by phenotypic detection of both extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase (CR) production. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect resistance genes; blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaKPC. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 to obtain chi square tests and Person’s product moment correlation coefficient using regression analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: 30.0% K. pneumonia was isolated from Kitagata hot spring of which all isolates were categorized as multi-drug resistant. 100% isolates exhibited extreme resistance to ampicillin, rifampicin, ceftazidime, and then followed by azithromycin (79.2%). 95.8% harbored blaTEM genes alone and both blaTEM and blaCTX genes, followed by blaKPC alone (33.3%) and 25% carried all the three resistance genes. The dry season had a higher prevalence of K. pneumoniae (35.0%) as compared to the wet season (25.0%). MDR K. pneumoniae significantly increased overtime during the course of the study. The carriage of the three studied resistance genes in the isolates was positively correlated with the second phase of sample collection and dry season while negatively correlated with temperature except isolates that harbored either blaTEM only or blaTEM+KPC +CTX genes. Conclusions: Kitagata hot spring serves as hot spot for continuous dissemination and acquisition multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae harboring resistance genes that encode for ESBL and CR production. The health sector should establish a continuous monitoring and surveillance system and sturdy antimicrobial resistance stewardship programs to provide health education to the community.
Phytochemicals and Toxicological Effects of herbal drink (HD) on Liver and kidney in Wistar Rats
(Kampala International University, 2023) Siida Robert
Herbal medicine use is on the increase worldwide and many studies have associated their use with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Herbal drink (HD) is a commercial herbal drink mainly used in Uganda. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical composition, acute and sub chronic toxicological effects of HD on hepatorenal integrity in Wistar rats. Modified Lorke’s method was employed in the acute toxicity study. For the sub-chronic toxicity study, a total of sixteen (N= 16) Wistar rats were randomly allotted to four groups of four rats each (n=4). normal control group, NC (normal dose equivalent of distilled water), Group T1 (half normal dose of HD), Group T2 (normal recommended dose equivalent of HD) and Group T3 (twice normal recommended dose of HD). All treatments were done by intragastric gavage for a period of twenty-eight days. Phytochemical analysis of HD showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates. The animals were able to tolerate a dose of up to 5000mg/Kg. It was demonstrated that continuous twenty eight-days treatment with HD does not significantly alter kidney and liver function parameters in Wistar rats. This observation concurs with the histopathological findings of the liver and kidney tissues which showed no remarkable histomorphological alterations. Regular intake of HD does not have any significant toxic effects on liver and kidney in Wistar rats. Keywords: herbal drink, HD, phytochemicals, toxicity, liver, kidney

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