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Effect Of Ethanol Leaf Extract Of Manniophyton Fulvum müll. Arg.On Memory In Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Male Wistar Rats
(Kampala International University, 2023-03) MUJINYA REGAN,
On scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats, the memory-improving ability of leaf Manniophyton fulvum Ethanol Extract (LMFEE) was assessed. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of an ethanol extract of Manniophyton fulvum leaves on memory in male Wistar rats that had been given scopolamine to induce amnesia.In order to demonstrate that there are little health concerns associated with using LMFEE extracts, a toxicity research on Wistar rats determined that they are not cytotoxic and that the lethal dose (oral) LD50 is >850 mg/kg body weight. The rats were given a week to acclimate before memory loss was produced using scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p); after memory loss was confirmed, the rats were given oral treatments with LMFEE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg).The Morris water maze swimming test was used to quantify escape delay time and assess spatial memory recall (in seconds). While lipid peroxidation calculated as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was assessed using malondialdehyde (MDA) and followed the thiobarbituric acid reaction of Mihara and Uchiyama, the activity of the acetylcholinestrase enzyme was determined using the Ellman method (Seyed et al., 2018 &Tabari et al., 2016). The Beer and Sizer method was used to measure the activity of the catalase enzyme (Nigam et al., 2019). Sliced slices of the hippocampus were stained for general cytoarchitecture using the Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method, mounted, and then imaged under an optical microscope.
On day 4, the escape latency time rose with scopolamine therapy but decreased after treatment with LMFEE (42 + 5.0 seconds for 50 mg/kg, 40 5.0 seconds for 100 mg/kg, and 36 8.0 seconds for 200 mg/kg). Acetyl cholinesterase levels in the hippocampus of rats given scopolamine injections were decreased by 60.9% by the LMFEE (p <0.05 for all groups). Catalase activity (p <0.05) and malondialdehyde (p <0.0001) were dramatically reduced after scopolamine injection in hippocampus tissue, but these effects were undone by LMFEE therapy. The neuroprotective properties of the extract were demonstrated by H&E staining, and LMFEE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly repaired pyramidal cells.
These findings demonstrated that LMFEE reduced the scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment, improved memory impairment by inhibiting AchE, decreased antioxidation in catalase activity and MDA, and restored altered neurogenesis.The results of the study indicate that LMFEE might be a powerful pharmaceutical treatment for memory loss, and one possible way it works is by altering cholinergic activity
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High Blood Pressure Among Children And Adolescents With Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 At Three Ugandan Regional Referral Hospitals: Prevalence, Associated Factors And Glycemic Control
(Kampala International University, 2024-03) CHARLESMWENDWAM
Background: The coexistence of diabetes and hypertension (HTN) worsens clinical outcomes of diabetic children with respect to both microvascular and macrovascular disease. It increases mortality risk by 7.2 times with a higher risk of death in developing countries. Therefore, a comprehensive care of Diabetes must be adhered to including hypertension screening.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with high blood pressure and describe the level of glycemic control among children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus in selected hospitals in east, and northern Uganda.
Methods: This was a multi-center health facility-based cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study.It was conducted among 150 children and adolescents aged 6 months to 18 years with diabetes mellitus type 1 attending Jinja Regional Referral Hospital (JRRH), Mbale Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) and Lira Regional Referral hospital (LRRH). Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to obtain data and data collected was then analyzed in line with study objectives using STATA version 18.The prevalence of high blood pressure and glycemic control was determined as percentages whereas factors associated with high blood pressure were analyzed at both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression. Significance of association was set at P-value <0.05 at 95% confidence interval.
Results: Of the 150 participants 115 (76.5%) were above 12 years of age, the median age was 15 (IQR 13-17). There were more females [81/150 (54%)] than males. The majority were attending school [130/150 (86.7%)] with a few in boarding school [26/130 (20%)]. Sixty-one patients (40.7%) had high blood pressure and 53 (86.9%) of these had poor gylcaemic control. Among patients without high blood pressure 62/89 (69.7%) had poor gycaemic control.
Factors associated with high blood pressure among DM type 1 participants include having diabetes for more than 4 years, ((4-8 years (aOR 2.233) and over 8 years (aOR 4.545)) and poor glycemic control (HBA1C <7%) (aOR 2.905) with a P-value <0.05.
Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of high blood pressure and poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7%) level among the study participants. Factors associated with high blood pressure included duration of disease since diagnosis of more than 4 years and poor glycemic control.
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Characterisation And Assessment Of Waste Management At Mulago Referral Hospital Using investigative And Individualised Rapid Assessment Tool
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) AYAN MUSE OSMAN
Hospital waste management is an essential environmental and public safety issue. Hospital waste is a special category of waste that is quite detrimental as it may contain infectious and contaminated substances. This study aimed at waste quantification, characterization, and assessment of waste management at Mulago referral hospital. To achieve the objectives, the study used interviews, an Individualized Rapid Assessment Tool (I-RAT), and laboratory analysis for liquid wastes. It was found that the hospital has contracted a private company (NLS Waste Management Ltd) to collect, sort, and transport waste for further treatment and management outside the hospital. In terms of waste quantity and characteristics, the study indicated that general waste contributed 72% (2411.6 kg) while clinical waste only contributes 28% (930.8 kg) of the total waste generated in the facility. Wards generated 53.4kg per day followed by operating theatres with 20.3kg per day, then Kitchen with 15.1kg per day, Public areas with 12.8kg per day, Laundry with 7.5kg per day and lastly Administration with 2.3kg per dayAnalysis of wastewater samples established that Zinc Content, Nickel, Chromium, Mercury, and PH are within the maximum permissible limits. However, Lead Content, Nitrate Content, COD, and BOD were found to be beyond the permissible limits. Using the individualized rapid assessment tool to assess the overall management of the waste at the Mulago hospital established a score of 62%. This indicates that waste is fairly managed but a lot has to be done yet, to achieve an efficient management system. Since it can be seen that most of the solid waste generated mainly comprises food items and plastics, the hospital must prioritize waste sorting at points of generation which is currently at 37.4% by providing containers in adequate numbers and sizes. Basing on the established quantities of waste generated within the hospital a total container volume equaling to 0.372m3 should be provided each day for the general waste while 0.144m3 should be provided each day for clinical waste in approriate places. In order to eliminate waste mixing and spillages at generation points. Also, wastewater not necessarily from washrooms and toilets should be adequately treated or properly conveyed to the septic tanks as well to avoid possible contaminations since the study has established that some properties are beyond the permissible disposable limits.
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Prevalence, Patterns and Factors associated with Dyslipidemia among patients with Diabetes Mellitus attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital
(Kampala International University; Faculty of Cinical Medicine and Dentistry, 2023-05) Abishir Mohamud Hirsi
Background: Dyslipidemia in Sub-Saharan Africa has been on the disproportionate rise among diabetes patients across various contextual settings by its prevalence, patterns and associated factors. This study determined the prevalence, patterns and factors associated with dyslipidemia among diabetes patients attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH).
Method: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study among adult 375 diabetes patients attending the diabetic outpatient clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital consecutively enrolled based between October 2022 and January 2023. Data on socio-demographic, behavioural, medical history, physical examination and laboratory diagnoses were collected. Descriptive statistics were presented for all the socio-demographic, behavioural, medical history, physical examination characteristics. Prevalence of dyslipidemia was presented as a proportion of diabetes patients expressed as a percentage. Patterns of dyslipidemia were presented as a proportion of each lipid profile either singly or in combination expressed as a percentage. Bivariate analyses were conducted and variables with p<0.2 or crude odds ratios either ≥ 2 or ≤0.5 or biologically plausible were entered into multiple logistic regression model. Only factors with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were done using Stata version 17.
Findings: Of the 375 diabetes patients enrolled, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 86.4% (n = 324) [95%CI: 82.5-89.5%). Of the 375 patients, the majority had abnormal TC, 69.3% (n = 260) and presented with two diagnoses of lipid profiles, 49.3% (n = 185). All diabetes patients who were overweight [100% (n = 134] or obese [100% (n = 39] at p<0.001, female patients (AOR= 2.2, 95%CI: 1.02-4.86, p <.05) diagnosed with CHD (AOR= 4.1, 95%CI: 1.51-11.07, p <.01) were more likely to have dyslipidemia although insulin treatment for diabetes compared to oral administration was protective (AOR= 0.4, 95%CI: 0.14-0.87, p <.05).
Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia at HRRH was generally high compared to other settings and was perfectly determined by overweight/obesity, female gender, CHD and oral mode of diabetes treatment.
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Assessment of Surface Water Quality in River Rwizi
(Kampala International University; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2023-03) Abdikadir Osman Mohamed
Water is a crucial necessity for the sustenance of human, animal, and plant life. In Uganda, the River Rwizi is one of the major water sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. However, the river is facing pollution challenges from domestic and industrial wastewater discharge, as well as surface water runoff from urban and agricultural areas. This has resulted in a high prevalence of water-borne diseases, making the water unsafe for use. A study was conducted to assess the seasonal changes in the physicochemical and biological parameters of the river between April and August 2022, representing the wet and dry seasons. The results indicated that the river's pH varied significantly during the wet season, with the highest average pH of 5.65 recorded at Ndiaja and the lowest average pH of 6.43 recorded at Kyani/Kakiika. Additionally, the river's electrical conductivity (EC) increased significantly during the dry season compared to the wet season, with the highest average EC of 135.00 (µS/cm) recorded at Kyani/Kakiika. The TDS levels in the river Rwizi were highest in the Kyani/Kakiika region during the dry season, with an average of 68.00 (mg/L), while the lowest levels were recorded in Ndiaja at 46.00 (mg/L). During the wet season, the average TDS levels were 59.00 (mg/L) in Kyani/Kakiika and 26.33 (mg/L) in Ndiaja, indicating that the river was more turbid during the wet season. The turbidity levels also showed a significant difference of -60.90 (NTU) between the dry and wet seasons, with the river being more turbid in the wet season. The concentration of BOD and COD were slightly higher during the dry season than in the wet season. Unfortunately, the levels of E-coli in all the sites exceeded the permissible limit of the National Standards for untreated river water set at 0 (CFU/100mL), with the highest concentration of 144.00 recorded in Ndiaja. The findings suggest that the river Rwizi is becoming increasingly polluted with E-coli, COD, and turbidity, which could pose a threat to the aquatic life. This problem is exacerbated during the rainy season when waste material such as feces and surface runoff from farmlands are discharged into the river. Therefore, it is essential to regularly monitor the quality of the river water and the effluents discharged by the nearby treatment plant to address this issue. To prevent contamination in Mbarara, which is expected to experience a population boom following its new city status, it is crucial that industries, markets, and urban areas adhere strictly to the NEMA wastewater management guidelines. Additionally, educating the community on the importance of proper waste disposal and its potential hazards can foster a sense of intrinsic motivation to keep the city clean.