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Taxpayers’ Awareness on Tax Compliance in Local Governments in Uganda, A Case of Lira District
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Ayugi Irene
Tax is a very important aspect of any country. Revenue collected from taxpayers’ (taxes) enables the district to provides services for its citizens and also developing its economy. The study was about the relationship between taxpayers’ awareness and tax compliance in local government, a case of Lira district. The specific research objectives were; to establish the relationship between understanding tax laws and tax compliance in local government, a case of Lira district, to determine the relationship between the knowledge of tax regulations and tax compliance in local government, a case of Lira district and to establish the relationship between knowledge of tax obligations and tax compliance in local government, a case of Lira district.The study used descriptive and correlation research design which explored both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Questionnaire and interview as methods of data collection were used. The research used purposive and simple random sampling techniques to determine the sample size. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS computer program and 172 respondents participated in the study. The findings of the study revealed that; there was a positive correlation betweenunderstanding tax laws and tax compliance (t=0.895**, P-value<0.05), there is a positive correlation between the knowledge of tax regulations and policies and tax compliance(t=0.903**,P-value<0.05); there is a positive correlation betweenknowing tax obligation and tax and tax compliance(t=0.919**, P-value<0.05). This study concluded that there is a positive correlation between the understanding tax laws and tax compliance. In other wards understanding tax laws contributes to the tax compliance. It was also concluded that there is a positive correlation between knowledge of tax regulations and tax compliance. Then finally the study showed that there is a positive correlation between the knowing tax rights and obligation and tax compliance. This recommends that the compliance of taxpayers’ in Lira district may be improve by holding tax training, seminars and workshops focused at enhancing tax laws, tax regulations and tax obligations in order to maximum tax payers’ compliance.
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Efficacy of Lytic Bacteriophages Isolated from Waste Dumpsites in Southwestern Uganda Against Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa AND E. coli
(Kampala International University, 2023-05) Ntulume Ibrahim
The escalating rate of infections due to carbapenem resistant bacteria has led to a revived interest in compassionate use of phage therapy either as a substitute or supplement to conventional antibiotics. The present study aimed at characterizing and determining the lytic efficacy of bacteriophage isolates from selected waste dump sites in Southwestern Uganda against carbapenem-resistant (CR) P. aeruginosa and E. coli. A laboratory experimental study design was conducted. Eighteen samples (soil and leachate) were collected from 3 selected waste dump sites (Kekombe, Kabagarame and Kidodo waste dumpsites). Phage isolation was done using the double agar overlay plaque technique and their lytic activity against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli was determined using both spot and in vitro therapeutic inhibition assays. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of efficacious phages was done. The phage cocktail (1:1) was assayed for biofilm inhibitory efficacy. Sixteen lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli were identified. Only four (04) phages; KA06ph03KA, KA01C, BU03B, and KE01E exhibited high virulence with mean efficiency of plating (EOP) of 0.169–0.552) and broad-spectrum of activity. These phages produced clear pin point to small sized plaques (0.1 - 1 mm diameter) and formed turbid haloes on E. coli hosts. These phages had short latent periods (5–20 minutes), short adsorption times (5–15 min), variable burst sizes (21–101 PFU/infected cell) and burst times (25–85 min). Their thermal stability ranged between -20°C to 60°C except phages KA01C and KA06ph03KA that retained stability at both 70°C and 80°C for 10 min and shared pH stability range of 2 to 10. The phage cocktail exhibited maximal inhibitory effects within 2 to 3 hours as compared to individual phages. Even so, it was more effective in treating the planktonic cells and 24 hr old biofilms of CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The studied waste dumpsites harbored virulent lytic phages against CR P. aeruginosa and E. coli and the phage cocktail had better therapeutic potential over individual phages. The study therefore recommends molecular characterization and in vivo efficacy testing of the isolated in order to ascertain their safety for therapeutic usage in humans as well as use of phage cocktail as opposed to individual phages.
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Monitoring Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Kitagata Hot Spring, Sheema District Southwestern Uganda: A Public Health ImplicatioN
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Hambali Kaltume Umar
Background: The alarming prevalence of Klebseilla pneumoniae in most recreational places such as hot spring waters is concerning, yet this superbug is associated with accelerated dissemination of multi drug resistance genes. The present study aimed at determining the spatial temporal prevalence of multi drug resistant K. pneumoniae in Kitagata hot spring, Sheema district, Southwestern Uganda. Methods: A descriptive longitudinal study design was conducted between May and July, 2023. Eighty water samples were collected in the morning and evening from purposively selected points of the hot spring at an interval of 1 week during the rainy and dry season. Temperatures at each point were measured prior to sample collection and two samples at varying depth were obtained. Five millitres of each homogenized sample was pre-enriched in brain heart infusion broth and then presumptive identification of K. pneumonia isolates was done both blood and violet red bile agars. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was performed followed by phenotypic detection of both extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase (CR) production. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect resistance genes; blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaKPC. Data was analyzed using SPSS-20 to obtain chi square tests and Person’s product moment correlation coefficient using regression analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The prevalence of K. pneumoniae in Kitagata hot spring was 30.0%. 100% isolates exhibited extreme resistance to ampicillin, rifampicin, ceftazidime, and then followed by azithromycin (79.2%). 95.8% harbored blaTEM gene, followed by blaKPC gene (33.3%), both blaTEM + blaKPC genes (25.0%), blaCTX (20.8%), both blaTEM + blaCTX genes (12.5%) while 2 (8.3%) harbored the three resistance genes. A higher prevalence of K. pneumoniae (35.0%) was reported in the dry season as compared to the wet season (25.0%). The occurrence of MDR strains significantly increased overtime during the course of the study. Carriage of the three studied resistance genes was positively correlated with the second phase of sample collection and dry season while negatively correlated with temperature except isolates that harbored either blaTEM only or blaTEM+KPC +CTX genes. Conclusions: Kitagata hot spring serves as hot spot for continuous dissemination and acquisition multi drug resistant K. pneumoniae harboring resistance genes that encode for ESBL and CR production. The health sector should strengthen one health programs, AMR surveillance system, and sturdy stewardship training to provide health education to the communities
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Prevalence and factors associated with glomerular hyperfiltration among children aged 2 to 18 years with sickle cell anemia at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital.
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Omar Abdikarim Abdulle
Introduction: Even though progression in children’s care with SCD have raised, their prolonged-term survival is characterized by long-standing diseases such as long-standing kidney disease. Renal involvement occurs all the time of life of a patient with SCA and contribute greatly reduced life expectancy of patients with sickle cell disease, accounting for 16–18% of mortality. Methods: An analytic and descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted among children with Sickle cell anemia. Consecutive enrolment of study participants was done until the sample size of 245 was achieved. The prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration was analyzed as percentage with its corresponding 95% CI. To determine factors associated with glomerular hyperfiltration, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were run. The proportion of microalbuminuria among study participants with glomerular hyperfiltration was determined as a fragment of participants with albuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration over the number of study participants with glomerular hyperfiltration. Results: The prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration was 28.00%. The independent risk factors for glomerular hyperfiltration were age and severe anemia. Children who were in the age group of 14 – 16 years had 3.91 folds the risk of developing Glomerular Hyperfiltration (aOR 3.91, 95%CI 1.41-37.23, P=0.023) and children who had severe anemia were 9.47 folds the risk of developing Glomerular Hyperfiltration (aOR 9.47, 95%CI 1.57-57.05, P<0.001). This study showed that 23.19% (16/69) of the SCA children with Glomerular Hyperfiltration had Microalbuminuria. Conclusion: This study suggests that a considerable proportion of children in this population experience glomerular hyperfiltration. The results underscore the importance of considering age, and severe anemia in the management and care of these patients. This study suggests that a significant proportion of SCA children with glomerular hyperfiltration may be experiencing early kidney damage or dysfunction, as evidenced by the presence of MA. Recommendations ✓ Regular visiting of sickle cell clinic should be done since Glomerular hyperfiltration starts early age of life. ✓ Anemia Management: Early and effective management of anemia in children with sickle cell anemia is crucial. ✓ Screening for albuminuria should occur annually beginning at 10 years of age in patients with SCA.
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Reliability Study of Electrical Distribution Network in Kampala East
(Kampala International University, 2023-04) Nalima Joshua
This research focuses on the reliability study of the electrical distribution network in Kampala East which is connected to Lugogo, Nakawa, Kireka and Ntinda substations. The network is unable to supply its customers with reliable power at all times. Methodology involves data identification, collection, cleaning, analyzing and interpretation. Other methods include determination of reliability indices, identification of causes of supply interruptions and improvement of reliability through network reconfiguration by placement of sectionalizing and tie-line switches on feeders. Depending on the reliability study outcome, the electrical distribution network in Kampala East has customer hours lost (SAIDI) of 8.34 per month per customer, number of outages per month per customer (SAIFI) is 5.65 hours, Energy not served (ENS) to customers of 2.14 GWh per month and Faults resolution time (CAIDI) of 1.58 hours. These values indicate the areas of Kampala East still has reliability problems to deal with and does not agree with the 2022 target set by the utility company Umeme and the Uganda Regulatory Authority (ERA). The major cause of reliability problems in this area are the interruptions due to unplanned shutdowns. In this study, through appropriate combinations of opening of sectionalizing and closing of tie-line switches on feeders, the reliability is improved to 4.18 customers hours lost per month per customer and the number of outages per month per customer is 5.35, the energy not served of 0.18 GWh and faults resolution time of 0.84 Hours.