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Stakeholder-Centric Analysis for Enhancing Private Sector Building Project Performance in Central Division, Kampala, Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2023-10) Michael Gerezgiher Berhe
Project participants, including owners, professionals, consultants, contractors, stakeholders, suppliers, and regulators, regularly face a multitude of challenges that significantly impact project performance. These challenges encompass a wide range of issues, from extending project timelines and securing funding to adapting to evolving technologies and managing influential factors such as budget constraints. This situation is not different in Central division, Kampala, Uganda. To address these challenges, this study focused on stakeholder-centric analysis of causes of project delays, cost overruns, and by developing a predictive model for effective project management. To gather data, questionnaires were distributed among professionals actively involved in building projects, carefully selected from diverse private housing developers in Kampala. These professionals were identified Project managers, Consultants, Quantity surveyors, Clerk of works and Architects. In addition, data relating to project completion dates, milestones, panned durations, contract sums and actual expended sums was collected from the identified building projects. The study established an average value of time overrun was found to be 20% with the highest found in residential/apartments at 57.8% and the lowest in hospitality (hotels, recreational centers), and Institutions (college, schools) both at 4.8%. Further analysis revealed that cost overrun is at an average of 33.1% with the highest established in Retail (mall, office, shops) at 41.3%. Notably, many of these projects delegated quality responsibility to diploma holders, sometimes sidelining compliance with construction project regulations. Rigorous scrutiny of project plans before execution ensured alignment with regulatory standards, with data analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study's findings revealed that the most causes of time and cost overruns in building construction are in the order of cash flow causes, construction related, cost and scope estimation, nature of projects and environmental aspects. Basing on the identified causes and after determining their influences on time, a time overrun prediction model was established as: Y = 0.236 + 0.212X1 + 0.187X2 + 0.180X3 + 0.175X4 + 0.156X4 + 0.990. The model demonstrate that a 21.2% are cash flow causes, a 0.187% construction related causes, 18% cost and scope related causes, and a 17.5% are due to the nature of the project i.e. complexity, Design and build, and lastly 15.6 % are due to environmental aspects such as rain.
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Teacher characteristics and use of ICT in the teaching - learning in Secondary Schools of Mpondwe Lhubiriha Town Council, Kasese District-Western Uganda
(Kampala International University, 2021-04) Ashirafu Masudi Kule
This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ characteristics and their use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning in secondary schools in Mpondwe Lhubiriha Town Council in Kasese District, Uganda. Specifically, the study examined whether teacher characteristics namely; teachers perceived usefulness of ICT, perceived ease of use of ICT and teacher ICT competence influenced their use of ICT in teaching and learning. This study adopted the correlational research design on a sample of 127 secondary school teachers. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). At univariate level, descriptive statistics: frequencies mean and standard deviation were used while at bivariate level, inferential statistics: correlation and regression were used. Descriptive results revealed that teachers rated their use of ICT and perceived competence as poor, and rated usefulness of ICT as good and their use of ICT as fair. Regression analysis revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and ICT competences had a positive and significant influence on use of ICT in teaching learning. It was concluded that perceived usefulness is a prerequisite for teachers’ use of ICT, perceived ease of use is imperative for use of ICT and competences are essential for use of ICT. Therefore, it was recommended that the Ministry of Education and head teachers should provide awareness trainings to teachers about the usefulness of ICT. The Ministry of Education and Schools should train teachers on the use of ICT and develop their ICT competences.
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Epidemiology and Early Outcomes of Assault Injuries Among Trauma Patients Presenting at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital
(Kampala International University, 2021-11) Daniel Asiimwe
Background: Interpersonal violence is increasingly becoming a global public health concern and in Uganda, intentional injuries constitute 7.3% of the injury burden (Mutto, Lett, Lawoko, Nansamba, & Svanstrom, 2010). Objective: To assess the epidemiology and early outcomes of assault injuries among trauma patients presenting at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted among of 439 trauma patients presented at KIU-TH and JRRH, 143 patients had assault injuries and 296 non assault injuries. 140 eligible assault patients were actively followed up to achive study objectives. The ethical clearance number was UG-REC-023/2021-17. Data were obtained from all the participants using a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The analyzed data was then presented in form of frequency tables. Results: Out of 140 eligible assault patients, the head was the most isolated body part injured accounting for 38(27.1%) and it was also part of 68 (48.6%) multiple injuries. The commonest type of injuries were cuts & Soft tissue injuries accounting for 96(68.6%). Based on Kampala Trauma Score II (KTS II), most 62(44.3%) of assaults injuries presenting were mild injuries, 49(35%) were moderate injuries and lastly, 29(20.7%) were severe injuries. The factors significantly associated with assault injuries were male sex (OR=1.67, 95%CI=(1.04-2.67), P-value=0.032), unemployment (OR=1.61, 95%CI=(1.04-2.47), P value=0.030), and alcohol consumption (OR=1.70, 95%CI=(1.11-2.60), P-value=0.015). Majority 124(88.6%) were still alive by 30 days of the follow-up in the hospitals, and there were 8(5.7%) referrals and 8(5.7%) deaths. The average hospital stay for dead patient was of 2 days, the living one was 3.5 days and it took an average hospital stay of less than a day for an assault patient to be referred. At JRRH the average hospital stay was 3.2 days while at KIU-TH the average hospital stay was 3.5 days. Conclusions: Assault is a significant health problem linked to many negative outcomes such as death and poor physical health. Therefore there is a need to create more job opportunities to reduce unemployment and putting in place policies aimed at regulating the consumption of Alcohol among communities to reduce the burden related to assault injuries Keywords: epidemiology, assault, injury , interpersonal violence
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Determination of phytochemicals and anthelmintic activity of Rytigynia kigeziensis Verdc extracts using Eudrilus eugeniae model
(Kampala International University, 2020-06) Asiimwe Evarist
Helminthic infections are among the global public health problems. Due to high cost of standard drugs, rural dwellers use herbal preparations whose efficacy and mechanisms of action are often not yet proven. In Uganda, Rytigynia kigeziensis Verdc is one of the commonly used anthelmintic herbs. The current study determined phytochemicals in R. kigeziensis stem bark aqueous, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. The anthelmintic activity tests were done in triplicates using 252 Endrilus eugeniae (African night crawler) in 7 groups each comprised of 3 worms. Groups 1 (negative control) and 2 (standard drug) were treated with normal saline and 15, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml of albendazole respectively. Groups 3 to 7 were treated with 15, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml of aqueous, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. Time of paralysis was noted when no movement was observed except when worms were shaken vigorously, while time of death was recorded when worms could not move when neither shaken vigorously nor pin pricked. Ethanol extract treated worms had lowest time of paralysis and death. This was used for study of R. kigeziensis effect on Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. LDH activity was assayed spectrophotometrically at 340 nm using Bio Vision clinical chemistry analyzer. All the results obtained were expressed as mean values ± SEM (n=3). The significance of difference between the means of albendazole and extracts concentrations were determined using One-way ANOVA on PAST version 3.15 and regarded significant at P ≤ 0.05. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, anthroquionones and tannins were present in all the extracts. Phlobatannins were absent in all extracts while terpenoids were absent in ethyl acetate, reducing sugars and phenols were also not observed in chloroform extracts. The anthelminthic activity exhibited was dose dependent in all extracts. The ethanol extract had significantly lower times of paralysis and death (P < 0.05) compared to albendazole. R. kigeziensis stem bark extracts may serve as a potential anthelminthic agent.
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Factors Associated with Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Reproductive AgedWomen attending the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic at Kampala International UniversityTeaching Hospital
(Kampala International University, 2021-10) John Chidanga
Background. Cervical cancer remains one of leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. It contributes to about 7.9% of all women related cancers and is the ranked 4th among all women cancers. In the fight against cervical cancer, its prodromal and asymptomatic stage has been found to be detectable and curable. Several screening modalities like Visual Inspection with acetic acid and Lugol’s Iodine, Human Papilloma Virus DNA, Pap smear have largely been instrumental to the reduction of cervical cancer prevalence. However, the uptake to these lifesaving methods remains inexplicably low and several barriers exist towards this. These hindering factors include lack of knowledge about causes of cervical cancer, lack of knowledge on when to screen and when to start screening, personal factors like fear of pain, fear of a positive diagnosis and fear of embarrassment. The result is 80% of women who present to Uganda Cancer Institute, do so in late stage of disease and it poses a detrimental challenge to the patients, their families and the health infrastructure.
Objective.To determine the factors associated with uptake of cervical cancer screening in women of reproductive age attending Gynecological OPD clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital.
Methodology.This was a hospital-based descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the antenatal clinic and maternity ward of KIU-TH between August and October 2021. A sample of 309 women were recruited, open-ended questionnaires were administered and pap-smear tests were carried out for those who took up screening. Slides were analysed and results of patterns of cytological findings were documented. The datat was then analysed using logistic regression.
Results. The uptake to cervical cancer screening was found to be 18.8% (95% CI, 14.8%-23.5%). In multivariable analysis, being from a rural residence, HIV positive and have 2 or more sexual partners was found to be statistically significant. Further analysis on pap smear results revealed 37.93% being normal pap smears not having any intra epithelial lesion or malignancy, 29.31% had inflammatory findings, 27.59% were LSIL, 3.45% were ASCUS, and 1.72%HSIL.
Conclusion.The uptake of cervical cancer screening falls within the global range despite it being low. The patterns on pap smear dictate the majority being normal followed by inflammatory changes then low grade changes then other findings. Being of a rural residence, HIV positive and having two or more sexual partners confers a higher chance of screening for cervical cancer.