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- Item2015 Outbreak of Canine Rabies in Malaysia: Review, Analysis and Perspectives(Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2015-12-30) Bamaiyi Pwaveno H.Rabies is an acute fatal zoonotic encephalitis caused by a Lyssavirus belonging to the family rhabdoviridae responsible for about 69000 deaths annually. In July, 2015 Malaysia lost its rabies free status due to an outbreak of canine rabies that started from Perlis state and later moved to Kedah and Pulau Pinang states of Malaysia. This study was carried out to review available data on rabies and determine the incidence of rabies during the outbreak, the susceptible population of dogs, the number of dogs culled, the number of dogs vaccinated and lessons that can be learned from the outbreak using data principally from the OIE and other public domain sources. Statistical calculations employed chi square analysis at 95% confidence level using SPSS version 22. The incidence of rabies was 0.10% (CI= 0.05%, 0.18%). There was significant difference (P<0.0001) between the number of cases, number of susceptible dogs, number of dogs destroyed and number of dogs vaccinated between the 3 states in Malaysia with Perlis having the highest number of cases, Kedah having the highest number of susceptible dogs, Pulau Pinang having the highest number of culled dogs but with the least number of vaccinated dogs and Kedah having the highest number of vaccinated dogs. Perlis had the highest number of cases followed by Pulau Pinang. Kedah with the highest number of vaccinations recorded only 1 case of rabies. There was no case of human rabies despite numerous dog bite cases during the outbreak. The proximity of the 3 states especially Perlis to a rabies endemic country must have led to the outbreak of the infection. Mass vaccination of dogs along with short term targeted culling is important in stopping rabies outbreaks. Territories within close proximity to endemic locations must maintain more surveillance against transboundary diseases like rabies. Post exposure prophylaxis is necessary immediately after exposure to rabies to prevent human infection.
- ItemAcute care surgery in Rwanda: Operative epidemiology and geographic variations in access to care(Elsevier Inc, 2015) Kyamanywa, PatrickBackground. Surgical management of emergent, life-threatening diseases is an important public health priority. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe acute care general surgery procedures performed at the largest referral hospital in Rwanda and (2) understand the geographic distribution of disease presentations and referral patterns. Methods. We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected acute care surgery cases performed at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali (CHUK) in Rwanda between June 1 and December 1, 2011. Using Pearson’s v 2 test and the Fisher exact test, we compared cases originating from within Kigali and transfers from other provinces. Geospatial analyses also were used to further describe transfer patterns. Results. During the study period, 2,758 surgical interventions were performed, of which 25.6% (707/ 2,758) were general surgery operations. Of these, 45.4% (321/707) met the definition of acute care surgery. Only about one-third---32.3% (92/285)---of patients resided within Kigali, whereas about twothirds--- 67.7% (193/285)---were transferred from other provinces. Most patients transferred from other provinces were younger than 18 years of age (40.4%; 78/193), and 83.0% (39/47) of patients older than 50 years of age originated from outside of Kigali. Specific operative indications and surgical procedures varied substantially between patients from Kigali and patients transferred from other provinces. Conclusion. Emergency surgical conditions remain important contributors to the global burden of disease, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Geographic variations exist in terms of operative diagnoses and procedures, which implies a need for improved access to surgical care at the district level with defined transfer mechanisms to greater-level care facilities when needed.
- ItemAntibacterial Activity of Lactobacillus spp and Lactococcus spp Isolated from Various Parts of Pebbly Fish, Alestes baremoze(Fakruddin, Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST),, 2016) Kato, Charles D; Kahuma, Carol E; Namulawa, Victoria T.; Kasozi, Nasser; Kahuma, Carol EThe study sought to identify microbial communities and potential probiotics in one of the popular fish species, Alestes baremoze. A total of 15 samples were collected from Lake Albert and swabs of the skin, gills and gut were made, and cultured on general purpose and selective media. The bacteria isolated were confirmed using morphological and biochemical tests while probiotic screening was done using the agar spot method. The prevalent potential pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (100%) and Escherichia coli (67.7%). The highest total microbial load was generally recorded for samples from the skin. Staphylococcus spp had the highest total microbial load recorded from all the samples (skin, 8.50±22.1x102 cfu/g and gills, 8.00±24.3x102 cfu/g). When the effect of potential probiotic genera (Lactobacillus spp and Lactococcus spp) isolated from skin, gills and gut was investigated, Lactobacillus spp showed the highest overall activity against all test pathogens. The highest activity for Lactobacillus spp was demonstrated against E. coli (15.4±0.19 mm) and S. aureus (14.0±0.17 mm). The highest activity for Lactococcus spp was demonstrated against S. aureus (8.7±0.12 mm) and E. coli (7.2±0.1 mm). Furthermore, no probiotic activity was recorded against Streptococcus spp and Pseudomonas spp. No significant (p> 0.05) differences in antimicrobial activity were noted using Lactic acid bacteria isolated from the different fish body parts. Based on the positive results from this study, Lactobacillus spp. should be further characterised and studied in challenge experiments in fish to explore its probiotic effects.
- ItemAntibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Barn Swallow Droppings in Ishaka Town, Uganda(Science and Education Publishing, 2016) Okullu, Tonny; Onchweri, Albert Nyanchoka; Miruka, Conrad Ondieki; Eilu, Emmanuel; Abimana, Justus B.; Nyabayo, Maniga JosephatConsiderable concern has been raised over the problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from humans and farm animals. However, in spite of this concern, the spread of resistance into wider ecosystems has not received the desired attention. The transfer of antibiotic resistance to wildlife is an important risk for environmental health. Detection of resistance to antibiotics in populations of wild animals usually entails examination of isolates of the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli. Bird populations sympatric to areas with human settlements and areas that have high density of livestock are colonised with antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. Data regarding occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in African domestic and wild mammals is very limited. There is therefore a need to carry out studies in other parts of the African continent to find out if sympatric animals represent a possible reservoir for antibiotic resistant microbes. This study was therefore carried out to analyze faecal samples from barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) droppings in Ishaka Town, Uganda, for the presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. Results of the study showed that, out of the one hundred and sixteen (116) fecal samples of Barn Swallow droppings collected, twenty seven isolates of Escherichia coli were obtained. All the 27 isolates (100%) were resistant to one or more of the tested antibiotics. Out of the 27 isolates, 20 (74.1%) were multi-drug resistant isolates (resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials). Such birds can act as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant microbes if enough attention is not given to the problem. Further research is recommended to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from barn swallows residing in other parts of the country and even on the continent and the whole world at large.
- ItemAnticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruviana (Pers.) leaves(Premier Publishers, 2016) Izo, Ninsiima Herbert; Kirimuhuzya, Claude; Okello, SamuelEpilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
- ItemAnticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruviana (Pers.) leaves(Kampala International University, 2016) Ninsiima Herbert Izo; Kirimuhuzya Claude; Okello SamuelEpilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
- ItemAntimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Clinical Isolates at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital(Scientific Research Publishing, 2019) Musinguzi, Benson; Turugurwa, Joseph; Mwesigye, James; Kassaza, Kennedy; Byarugaba, Fredrick; Kabanda, TaseeraBackground: Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most frequent opportunistic pathogens causing a range of infections and being resistant for beta-lactamases (ESBL) and Carbapenemases. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns and molecular characterization establishing the phenotypes and genotypes associated with drug resistance, an antibiogram of genotypically positive isolates for resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical isolates at MRRH. Materials and Methods: A laboratory-based descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted from September 2018 to May 2019 at MRRH. Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified by cultural and biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. ESBL production in Klebsiella pneumoniae was tested by double-disc synergy test, Carbapenemase production by MHT, Boronic Acid or EDTA test using Meropenem phenotypically and both resistance confirmed genotypically by Multiplex PCR. Results: Out of 1055 clinical isolates, 298 (28.2%) were found positive
- ItemAntitumor activity of methanolic extract of vernoniacinerealess by human cell lines(International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 2016-07) Vulli, Venkata RaoVernoniacinerea (L.) Less a member of family compositae (Asteraceae), is an important medicinal plant has already been in used as antibacterial, Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory preparation. In this study an attempt of the plant has been made to evaluate the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of the plant, as stated in many hypothesis. Themethanolic extract of leaves of VernoniacinereaL. Were screened for their anticancer activity by cell linestudies was carried out by two methods Tetrazolium salt assay and Tryphan blue dye exclusion method. In MTT Assay the total growth inhibition (TGI) of methanol extract was found to be >10 mg/ml on both cell lines (HEp 2 and HT29). The relative cell survival progressively decreased in dose dependant manner. In addition to that, Short term Cytotoxicity studies by Tryphan Blue exclusion method also confirmed the anticancer activity of vernoniacinerea L. (1mg/ml showed 77% of Cytotoxicity inhibition). Our studies point the possibility of developing Vernoniacinerea L. as a novel potential agent in the area of cancer chemotherapy. Further investigation has to be carried out in isolation and characterization of active constituents and the mechanism involving in antitumor and cytotoxic effect.
- ItemAppraisal of antimicrobial medicinal plants with potential therapeutic effect on diabetes and sickle cell trait(Asian Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Research, 2016) Vulli, Venkata Rao; Odaya, Kumar P.; Sivanageswararao; Mekala, K. SrinivasuAmidst unbearable side effects, and the expensive nature of imported drugs used in the management of sickle cell disease and diabetes, the search for attractive alternative with emphasis on availability and safety, will continue especially in resource poor countries. Again, it’s not clear why there is sustained upsurge in diabetic and sickle cell disease despite efforts to clamp them down. The database on useful medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes and sickle cell was therefore improved. Other potential drugs suggested. Medicinal herbs can act as broad spectrum agents serving as anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and against sickle cell disease.
- ItemAssessment of the influence of ketoconazole on memory retrieval among adult wistar rats.(African Journal of Science and Research, 2016-02-22) Nyaribo, Cyprian Mose; Nyabayo, Josephat Maniga; Kerubo, Eunice Bogecho; Marera, Dominic Oduor; Nyanchoka, Albert Onchwer; Miruka, Conrald OndiekiThe aim of the study is to investigate the influence of ketoconazole on memory retrieval among adult wister rats in relation to age and gender.Anxiety disorders are of concern and definite treatment is wanting in current medicine. Ketoconazole, a known glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor was used in this study to reduce memory retrieval in rats which were subjected to a stressful and life threatening water maze training. We wanted to evaluate the time difference after ketoconazole treatment and possible hippocampus neuronal histological changes in the treated animals.At the end of this research study which lasted for eight (8) months, remarkable and appreciable results were found. On the average duration taken by the animals from the four different starting points of swimming trials, the differences between the values of escape latency before and after treatment were found not to be statistically significant (p>0.05). However, there was a possibility of handedness among animals as seen while turning right to the platform.We concluded that, the administration of ketoconazole did not exhibit significant inhibition of glucocorticoid synthesis since the memory retrieval and hippocampus neuronal morphology between the treated and untreated animals did not show significant statistical difference.
- ItemAvailability of Essential Medicines and Supplies during the Dual Pull-Push System of Drugs Acquisition in Kaliro District, Uganda(Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems, 2015-03) Bruno, Okiror; Onchweri, Albert Nyanchoka; Ondieki, Miruka Conrad; Nyabayo, Maniga JosephatThe Ugandan government has experimented with various supply chain models for delivery of essential drugs and supplies. In 2010, the dual pull-push system was adopted; however drug stock outs are still a common occurrence in health facilities. This study on availability of essential medicines during the dual Pull-Push system in Kaliro District was undertaken, to be used as an indirect or direct indicator of effectiveness of the dual pull-push system of drugs acquisition in the district. The study combined quantitative and qualitative methods; the study mainly based on; document review (stock cards, delivery notes,) and key informant interviews. Results showed that average stock-out duration of essential medicines and supplies was 23.89% (20.47 % for essential medicines and 27.32% for medical supplies). ACT Artemether/lumefantrine 20/120 mg tablets had the highest percentage stock-out followed by Cotrimoxazole 480mg tablets (51.6 and 32.4 %, respectively). Among the short falls of the system were; drug requisitions based on neither morbidity nor consumption methods of quantification, delays during distribution, supplying medicines with short shelf life, rare condition drugs or low usage drugs. In conclusion, the trend of essential medicines and supplies availability during the dual pull-push system seemed to be declining since its initiation in 2010. It is thus recommended that national medical stores involve stakeholders at all stages of medicines and supplies planning, especially the district health officers, who are the final consumers in the supply chain. The government can also adopt a revolving drug fund system, in the form of ‘Special Pharmacies and drug stores’ to enhance availability of essential drugs in public facilities and thus improve the quality of health care.
- ItemBeyond Nutrients(Kampala International University, 2023) Esther, Ugo Alum; Okechukwu, P. C. UgwuPhytochemicals are a broad class of bioactive substances that are produced by plants and can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and herbs. These phytochemicals, which include dietary fibers, polysaccharides, phytosterols, isoprenoids, carotenoids, and saponins, provide a variety of health advantages, including antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. They also have strong antioxidant qualities. This thorough analysis focuses on the several phytochemicals, their origins, and the health benefits that go along with them. Recognizing the variety and advantages of phytochemicals highlights how they might improve human nutrition and health. This article's summary material comes from reliable academic sources such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. This page gives a brief introduction to the many and significant categories of plant-derived bioactive compounds by summarizing the major phytochemical classes, their origins, and their health advantages. Using the advantages of these substances to improve health outcomes points to a viable direction for further study and implementation in the promotion of overall wellness and health. Keywords
- ItemBlood Group Distribution in a Study Population and their Associated Rhesus Factor (Uganda)(Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher, 2015) Mukinda, Frank Kamya; Lule, Herman; Kalange, Muhamudu; Echoru, Isaac; Ninsiima, Herbert Izo; Kasozi, Keneth IcelandWhole blood transfusions have continuously been done in medical hospitals as the major line of emergency recovery on the African continent as a result of limited infrastructure despite of the fact that the general blood group status is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalent blood groups and their associated rhesus factor. This was a cross sectional study conducted for a period of two months at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital involving a total of 47 undergraduate students, blood was picked by pricking the index finger and placed on a white tile from which the antigens were added to it. The study revealed that majority (53.2%) of the population had blood group O with the greatest prevalence being in the male population and blood group B was the second prevalent blood group in this study. This would probably be due to the establishment of endemic stability with malaria infections in the community. This would be due to genetic selection thus favoring the proliferation of the B and O blood groups as they appear to offer a mutuality protective advantage against plasmodium parasites. The major associated Rhesus factor were of O+ (53.2%) and B+ (21.3%) which showed that there was a significant downward shift in the levels of the Rhesus antigen. Blood group O was the most prevalent probably due to its evolutionary advantage in the region. Phenotypic expression need to be investigated further for the development of a strong hematological team in various rural communities.
- ItemCan Focused Trauma Education Initiatives Reduce Mortality or Improve Resource Utilization in a Low-Resource Setting?(2015-04) Kamanywa, PatrickBackground—Over 90 % of injury deaths occur in low-income countries. Evaluating the impact of focused trauma courses in these settings is challenging. We hypothesized that implementation of a focused trauma education initiative in a low-income country would result in measurable differences in injury-related outcomes and resource utilization. Methods—Two 3-day trauma education courses were conducted in the Rwandan capital over a one-month period (October–November, 2011). An ATLS provider demonstration course was delivered to 24 faculty surgeons and 15 Rwandan trauma nurse auditors, and a Canadian Network for International Surgery Trauma Team Training (TTT) course was delivered to 25 faculty, residents, and nurses. Trauma registry data over the 6 months prior to the courses were compared to the 6 months afterward with emergency department (ED) mortality as the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included radiology utilization and early procedural interventions. Univariate analyses were conducted using x2 and Fisher’s exact test. Results—A total of 798 and 575 patients were prospectively studied during the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods, respectively. Overall mortality of injured patients decreased after education implementation from 8.8 to 6.3 %, but was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). Patients with an initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 3–8 had the highest injury-related mortality, which significantly decreased from 58.5 % (n = 55) to 37.1 % (n = 23), (p = 0.009, OR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.22–0.81). There was no statistical difference in the rates of early intubation, cervical collar use, imaging studies, or transfusion in the overall cohort or the head injury subset. When further stratified by GCS, patients with an initial GCS of 3–5 in the post-intervention period had higher utilization of head CT scans and chest X-rays. Conclusions—The mortality of severely injured patients decreased after initiation of focused trauma education courses, but no significant increase in resource utilization was observed. The explanation may be complex and multifactorial. Long-term multidisciplinary efforts that pair training with changes in resources and mentorship may be needed to produce broad and lasting changes in the overall care system.
- ItemCarpolobia lutea methanol root extract reinstates androgenesis and testicular function in cadmiumchallenged rats(Kampala International University, 2019) Ejike, Daniel Eze; Okpa, Precious Nwaka; Igbokwe, Ugochukwu Vincent; Moses, Dele Adams; Karimah, Mohammed Rabiu; Ayikobua, Emmanuel TiyoCadmium produces a wide range of biological dysfunctions in human and laboratory animals where it chiefly affects the testes, whereas, Carpolobia lutea has been known to have antioxidant benefits. This study was intended to investigate the effects of Carpolobia lutea root extracts on testicular hormone function in cadmium-challenged male rats. 48 male Wistar rats (170-190 g) were divided into six groups, each containing eight rats. Experimental animals in control (Group 1) were given 0.2ml/kg body weight (BW) of 10% tween 80; Group two were administered 1mg/kg BW of cadmium (i.p); Group 3 were given 1mg/kg BW of cadmium (i.p) + 100mg/kg BW extract; Group four took 1mg/kg BW of cadmium (i.p) + 200mg/kg BW extract while Group five and six got 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg BW extract respectively. The administration of vehicle and extract was conducted orally for six weeks. Testicular activity of 17 betahydrosteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and serum testosterone, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone (LH, FSH) levels were evaluated. Findings indicated that cadmium statistically (p<0.05) lowered testicular 17β-HSD activity and serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels when compared with those of the control group animals. However, Carpolobia lutea and its co-administration notably (p<0.05) elevated the activity of testicular 17β-HSD and levels of serum testosterone, LH and FSH. The study suggests that Carpolobia lutea extract plays a protective function in ameliorating testicular damage caused by cadmium in rats. This is probably due to the extract’s potential in the management of testicular dysfunction and fecundity in animals.
- ItemClindamycin resistance among methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from human and respective household swine in greater Kabale Region—South Western Uganda(Scientific Research Publishing, 2019-09) Baguma, Andrew; Musinguzi, Benson; Mpeirwe, Moses; Bazira, JoelIntroduction: S. aureus is recognized as the common cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B (MLSB) is thought to be alternative therapies against MRSA infections. Clindamycin is the most favored agent because of exceptional pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, increasing resistance to clindamycin among MRSA strains is a serious challenge. The current study investigated the profile of clindamycin resistance among MRSA isolates from Humans, and their respective livestock (in particular swine) using D-test in greater Kabale region. Materials and Methods: Three hundred phenotypic MRSA isolates previously isolated from Humans and swine were confirmed by mecA PCR. We performed D-test using erythromycin (15 μg) and clindamycin (2 μg) discs in accordance to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol. Results: Of all 300 MRSA isolates, 6% (n = 18) were sensitive to Erythromycin and Clindamycin (S). The rate of inducible clindamycin resis-tance (iMLSB) was 42% (n = 125) and 38% (n = 115) was resistance to both Erythromycin and clindamycin (cMLSB). However, 14% (n = 42) were resistant to erythromycin but sensitive to clindamycin (MS) without “D” zone negative. Conclusion: Clindamycin resistance (both cMLSB and iMLSB) among MRSA was high and “D” test should be adopted routinely during antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion testing to rapidly detect iMLSB and cMLSB.
- ItemCommunity Education Challenges in Young Adults of South Western Uganda(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2015-02) Kasozi, Keneth Iceland; Echoru, Isaac; Mbiydzenyuy, Elvis Ngala; Kimwise, Aaron; Nansunga, Miriam; Semuyaba, Ibrahim; Kalange, Muhamudu; Ninsiima, Herbert Izo; Muggaga, Kintu; Emorut, Simon PeterThe aim of this study was to identify the major challenges to community education and any health problem in Bushenyi district of South Western Uganda. Data collection was done through questionnaire and participants were randomly selected. This was a cross-sectional study carried out for a period of three months in 2012. A questionnaire was used to collect data and using onsite observations the responses were validated. A total of 260 participants from 65 homesteads were included in the study from 52 households. 144 were females and 116 males, of which 52.4% of the children were female and the rest male. The mean ± SEM age of females and males was 36 ± 8.6 and 29 ± 8.6 years respectively. In all the homesteads, 71% were headed by an adult male and only 29% were found to be headed by an adult female while none was headed by children. Inferential analysis showed (P = 0.02) that there are more females than male in the homesteads. Majority of the homesteads are being taken care of by women instead of men probably as a result of the high mortalities due to HIV/AIDS in the past decade and above all the movement of most men to urban centers in search of better sources of employment to support their families. Among school going age participant’s i.e. children and adolescents, only 59.6% were found to be attending school. There was no statistical significance (P = 0.16) between school attendance and age. Family responsibilities such as cooking for younger siblings by female participants, obligations on open market days are thought to be secondary limiting factors for community development and livelihood among young persons; thus a follow up study would be conducted to assess their associations in this community as this would raise major child abuse concerns which would need to be reported to the legal authorities for follow up.
- ItemCommunity Participation and Rural Development in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda(Microthink Institute, 2016) Mbyemeire Patrick; Tumwesigye, Mathias; Mbabazi, Lawrence; Kahara M., Amos; Abodaya, Afikwu-Abba C.This article assessed the correlation between community participation and rural development in Bushenyi District. Utilizing survey cross sectional research design, a close ended questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to collect information which was utilized to respond to the research questions on how community participation relates to rural development in Bushenyi District in Western Uganda. Data was analyzed employing descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, tables and bar graphs. The researcher used Pearson linear correlation coefficient to establish the relationship between the variables under study. The study revealed that there was a significant positive and strong relationship between community participation and rural development in Bushenyi District. The researcher recommends that there is need to empower local council committees to be able to make decisions that are tailored to their local circumstances that can always steer up development.The government in Uganda should augment on the conditional and unconditional grants to local governments in order to help local government officials mobilize and sensitize the populace for self reliance and self help projects.
- ItemComparative Evaluation of Glibenclamide and Insulin on the Pups’ Liver Cytoarchitectonic Properties and Some Dams’ Parameters in Pregnant Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats(Kampala International University, 2018) Lawal, Sodiq Kolawole; Adeniji, Adeoluwa Akeem; Sangoyomi, Oluwaseun Adewoye; Adeyemo, Rasheed Omotayo; Buhari, Muhammad Olanrewaju; Sulaiman, Sheu Oluwadare; Osinubi, Abraham AdewaleDespite the significant achievements in the treatment modalities and preventive measures, the prevalence of gestational diabetes in Africa has continued to rise exponentially in the last few decades. There is growing concern on the use of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) during pregnancy, due to the potential of the agents in causing adverse effect (s) on the developing fetus and its effectiveness in managing the gestational diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to investigate the action of glibenclamide compared with insulin on pups’ liver cytoarchitectonic property and oxidative stress markers, and on maternal glucose level and sexual hormonal profile. Twenty pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats (120-160 g) divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D (n=5 per group) were used for the study. Rats in group A (control) were given 0.5ml distilled water daily while the rats in groups B, C, and D were rendered diabetic by administration of intraperitoneal low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) and subsequently treated with 0.5mls of distilled water, glibenclamide (0.29 mg/kg body weight) and insulin (1 UI daily) respectively. Blood glucose levels were monitored and recorded throughout the experiment. The rats were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestational period. The pups’ liver and maternal blood sample were collected for analysis. The glibenclamide and insulin groups showed significant (p<0.05) decreased in blood glucose with an increased maternal body weight when compared to the diabetic group. The activities of GSH, SOD and CAT were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the glibenclamide and insulin treated groups compared to the diabetic group. Also, MDA significantly reduced in the glibenclamide and insulin treated groups (C & D) when compared to the diabetic untreated group (B) with the greater reduction observed for insulin. There was an improvement in the hormonal profiles of glibenclamide and insulin treated groups compared with the diabetic group. Histologically, glibenclamide and insulin showed an improvement in the arrangement of cytoarchitectonic property of pups’ liver with mild steatosis compared with diabetic group. Based on our observations in this study, it was concluded that glibenclamide is as effective as insulin with no or little negative effect and could be an optional drug to be used in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus in place of insulin.
- ItemContamination of microbial pathogens and their antimicrobial pattern in operating theatres of peri-urban eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional study(BMC Infectious Diseases, 2018) Matinyi, Sandra; Muwanguzi, Enoch; Akia, Deborah; Byaruhanga, Valentine; Masereka, Edson; Ekeu, Isaac; Atuheire, CollinsBackground: Microbial contamination of hospital environment, especially in operating theatres (OT) and other specialized units has greatly contributed to continuous and multiple exposure to nosocomial infections by patients and the public. We purposed to assess microbial contamination of operating theatres and antibacterial sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from theatres of Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda. Methods: We employed a laboratory based cross-sectional study design. Swabbing of different surfaces and settle plate establishment in 4 various operating theatres was carried out. A total of 109 samples were collected, 31 air samples and 78 swabs from four operating theatres. Samples were collected in the mornings after disinfection prior to start of daily operations. Antibacterial sensitivity testing of isolated bacterial pathogens was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following standard operating procedure. Colony counts for the settle plates were carried out using a colony counter. Results: All the four theatres had their mean colony counts exceeding the acceptable limit of 5 cfu/dm2/h. Gynaecology theatre had up to 261 cfu/dm2/h and Ophthalmology operating theatre had approximately 43 cfu/ dm2/h. A total of 14 different organisms were isolated with Pseudomonas spp. [23.9%]; Bacillus spp. [17.5%] and Aspergillus spp. [15.8%] being the most common contaminants respectively. Other isolates included Enterococcus spp., Rhizopus spp. and Coagulate Negative Staphylococcus isolates especially from settle plates. Most bacterial isolates showed considerable resistance to antibacterial agents. Pseudomonas spp. was resistant to chloramphenicol (53.6%) and cotrimoxazole (57.1%). Most of the bacterial pathogens were sensitive to imipenem [83.3%]. Conclusions: There is moderate contamination of operating theatres of Mbale Regional Referral Hospital. Common organisms were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Aspergillus spps. Resistance was observed against chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. More caution is necessary to carefully disinfect the operating theatres at Regional referral settings and similar tertiary health care centres with more emphasis on obstetrics and gynecology theatres. Diagnosis and care of patients at such clinical settings should consider the possibility of antibiotic resistance.
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