Master of Science in Environmental Management

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Assessing the role of indigenous soil conservation systems in farming: a case of Birere Sub-County, Isingiro District.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2007-10) Katongole, Hadijjah
The study assessed the role of indigenous soil conservation systems used in farming in Birere sub-County. Located in the new created Isingiro District, Birere sub-County is endowed with fertile soils which make farming the main economic activity being carried out. The farmers use indigenous methods in soil conservation though on a lower rate. It’s against such a background that this research was carried out. The general objective of the research was to find out the indigenous soil conservation systems used and how they conserve soils. The methodology used included the use of simple random sampling for selection of the study area, stratified random and systematic list sampling for selection of respondents. The methods of data collection included observation, questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed with the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Systems used in Birere sub-County among which are mulching, crop rotation, fallowing, intercropping and the use of compost manure among others. These techniques were used in the conservation of soils by adding fertility and controlling erosion among others. The findings also showed that there was a loss of indigenous knowledge due to factors such as the introduction of scientific methods of farming. The research recommends that the government should include indigenous knowledge in the schools’ curricula, make database for the storage of this important knowledge and communities should get involved in decision making so that there is awareness of the this rich diversity of knowledge. In conclusion it should be noted that the best farming system is one that protects the land against erosion and guards against the breakdown of the soil structure and the loss of the soil nutrients. A good farming system needs to take advantage of the tones of human, plant and animal refuse that are being produced daily
People-park conflicts: the case of Mt. Elgon national park, Eastern Uganda
(Kampala International University,Scool of Engineering Science, 2007-10) Womuzumbu, Moses
The study mainly set out to analyze the causes of people — park conflicts in Mt. Elgon National Park in Uganda. The researcher based the study on the fact that National parks are vital in conserving and managing the physical, ecological and cultural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. It was mainly a field survey of a sample region / districts (Mbale, Sironko, Kapchorwa and Bukwo). The main objectives of the study were: to find out the causes of the conflicts in the park, investigate the effects of the conflicts to the people and to analyze strategies to manage the park-people conflicts and ensure park sustainability. A number of research instruments were used in the study: ranging from questionnaires, interviews, observation and review of related literature. The sampling techniques used were: random sampling and the stratified random sampling to ensure that all the population sub groups were fully and objectively involved in the study. The major findings of the study are that conflicts in Mt. Elgon National Park mainly caused by access to land, eviction,o restrictions to resource use, incitement by local politicians, lack of community participation in park management programmes and poor government policies. These challenges according to the study demand that there should be mechanism to bridge the existing gap between the local community and park management authorities. Local communities living around the park and entire communities (world) should be educated on the importance of the national parks as far as development is concerned. The research further reveals that to conserve national park in a sustainable manner for both present and future generations, park authorities should involve the local communities in the designing and implementation of park policies. The government also should come up with mitigation measures for park conflicts like: training the local residents to be park rangers, rather than deploying UPDF, poverty eradication programmes, resettlement of the evicted landless people.
The Role of Tangayika Catchment Reforestation and Education in Natural Resources Management in Kigoma District, Tanzania
(Kampala international University School of Engineering science, 2008-10) Felix, E. Kavejuru
The study explored the role of NOOs in natural resources management. a case of Tanganyika catchment reforestation and education (TAC’ARE) in Kigoma District. Tanzania. This was done to find out the extent to which TACARE contributes in natural resources management. The specific objectives were: to evaluate the activities of the NOOs in the study area. to find out strategies used and problems encountered b) NOOs when implementing the strategies of conserving natural resources. The study was conducted in four divisions in Kigoma district Tanzania. [wo divisions were selected in urban and other divisions in rural areas. The study was descriptive and it employed various methods such as observation, questionnaires. interviews and group discussions. Photography. useful literature re’ iev~ and internet search ~ere used as ‘veil. The findings of the research on the activities of TACARE in natural resources management include: forestry. agriculture, community development, health and environmental education for the youth. The findings indicate that the main activity of TACARE is the forestry reserves. It reveals that I AC’ARE is arresting the rapid degradation of the indigenous natural resources. The strategies employed by TACARE in natural resources management are: community participation. training. sectoral programming. networking and political influence. The findings re’ eat that community participation is the core strategy employed in the consen ation of natural resources. it was concluded that TACARE offers an innovative model of community centered conservation approach. which effectively addresses human needs while promoting conservation values. Communit) participation and training have helped TACARE to achieve its goals in implementing activities of conserving natural resources. In conclusion. TACARE has created an important impact on natural resources management. poverty reduction and development in the stud> area. despite insurncient funding.
The Impact Of Communities On Conservation Of Gishwati Forest Reserve, Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering Science., 2008-10) Madeleine, Nyiratuza
This research has been conducted in communities adjacent to Gishwati Forest Reserve. It aimed at determining the impact of communities on conservation of this reserve. A sample of 120 respondents in 3 villages around the reserve was interviewed to find out the variation in the use of the forest by local people, the factors influencing their attitudes towards conservation and the measures which can be undertaken to reduce the impact of local people on conservation. It was found that people enter the forest in search of firewood, building materials, handcraft materials, vegetables, medical plants, honey, animals for hunting, space for planting crops and range land for grazing animals. The tests of Qui-Square and Student were used to analyse the variation in the use of the forest by local communities. The results showed that there is no significant difference in the use of the forest by local people taking into consideration sex (z20 002 df =1, p=O.962 (p > 0.05), family size (%2=1.173, df ~1, p=O.279). membership in farmers association (%23.650, df =1, p=O.56) and source of income (F 2.7 18, df ~1, p~ 0.213). However significant difference has been observed in the use of the forest considering age classes(%2=22.794, df =1, p=O.000), education (%2~35.227, df =1, p=O.000), occupation (F82.237, df 1, p~O.OOO) , ownership of land (~2 ~7 1.020, df =1, p-~O.OOO) and other assets (%2=58.131, df~1, p=O.000). Among the respondents Batwa people were found to be the poorest and to use the forest more than other groups of people. In search of how to reduce the use of the forest by local people, the conservation program should put more effort on them and on households of non educated people, those who have no assets, young people, farmers and unemployed people and on people who own land less than iha. Taking into account sex, family size, membership iii fanners association or source of income, the program should equally intervene to all local people as it has been found that there is no significant difference in the use of the forest by local people considering these characteristics. The attitudes of local people toward conservation have been found to be negative. People who reported that the effect of conservation on their activities are crop raiding and lack of forest products have been considered as people who have negative attitudes towards xi conservation and they represent 85.8% of all the respondents. Those (14.2 %) who reported that the effects of conservation are increased rainfall in the region, reduced erosion and increased safe breathing air have been considered to have positive attitudes towards conservation because they knew the importance of the forest. The relationship between the attitudes of local people towards conservation and the factors: the big issues that face the households, knowledge of the conservation project, the work in conservation and the lack of benefit from buffer zone was tested . The tests of Qui-square, Student and Contingency Coefficient showed that there is no significant difference in attitudes of local people towards conservation if the factors: issues facing the households (C= 2 0.093. p~ 0.901), knowledge of conservation project (% = 0.508, df =1, p=0.476), work in conservation (F— 1.908, df 1, p=O.20l) and benefit from buffer zone (F— 0.001, df=1, p=l .000) are taken into consideration. This may be due to the fact that all households use the forest, and very few people have positive attitudes towards conservation. Respondents gave some measures to reduce the conflicts with conservationists. These are: fencing the reserve to reduce crop raiding by monkeys, providing them with employment so that they can buy the alternatives of what they get from the forest, increasing their agricultural land to produce more and put the surplus to market, compensating them for the land taken by buffer zone and where possible allowing them to use the reserve. This study revealed that people adjacent to Gishwati Forest Reserve live under poverty line. Serious measures should be undertaken to reduce the impact of their poverty on conservation by providing the alternatives of what they get from the reserve. Development projects should be multiplied in the region to improve the livelihoods of the people, family planning should be encouraged to reduce the populations, local people involvement should be counted for, education should be reinforced and conservation coordination enhanced.
Solid waste management in urban areas: the case of Arusha municipality, Tanzania.
(Kampala International University, College of engineering and applied science, 2008-10) Fausta J., Mowo
The study examined the management of solid waste in Arusha Municipality, northern Tanzania. The specific objectives were: to identify types of solid wastes generated, methods used in solid waste disposal, causes and the effects of poor solid waste management on people and the environment. The study was carried out in two wards, namely Unga Limited and Ngarenaro, which were randomly selected from 17 wards of the Arusha municipality, A descriptive research design was used for the study; whereby questionnaires for the households and key informants’ interviews were employed for data collection. Simple random sampling was used to select 110 households while 10 key informants were purposively selected from the municipal officials basing on their leadership roles. The findings indicated that 75% of solid waste generated by the Arusha municipality is organic. Out of 259 tons generated daily about 60% is not disposed, posing health problems to people and the environment. Open dumping is the common method of waste disposal used, leading to scattered and striking heaps of solid waste in the study area. The major causes of poor solid waste management were inadequate funds and limited awareness on environmental sanitation education, Land degradation, environmental pollution and diseases were the major effects associated with poor solid waste management. The study recommends that, the Arusha Municipal Council (AMC) should; encourage sorting of solid wastes at the source to reduce big volumes generated: consider constructing solid waste collecting bays for waste disposal to avoid the scattering of waste in open spaces, streets and water streams; use landfills instead of the open dumping system currently used; involve communities and the private sector in solid waste management; and strengthen environmental sanitation education. As a long-term plan, AMC should consider recycling of solid wastes as a lasting solution to improve solid waste management in the municipality. More research on the impact of plastic bags used for solid waste storage to the environment is recommended
Medicinal plant use in and around kibangu fores1 Kinondoni District Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2009-07) Msafiri Johnson, Gwambaye
This study examines medicinal plants and the extent to which they are used in meeting heath care needs in Kinondoni District, Kibangu Forest reserve in Tanzania. It aimed at documenting the most common Medicinal Plants (MP) in order to generate necessary data on knowledge, beliefs and accessibility of the community to assess whether they may be among the determinants for using medicinal plants. A questionnaire survey, market survey, literature review and observations were used to collect information from the people and the field. A total of twelve (12) Medicinal Plants where identified. Many of the Medicinal remedies were double therapies preparations. Analytically, qualitative and quantitative data was done using software which included MS Excel and contents method in which only ideals were recorded and put into meaning in accordance the study. Quantitative data was tested using Chi-square to test its efficacy. The study shows that most people in the area have no knowledge on collection, preparations, dosage and identification of the most Medicinal plant remedies where by 68 respondents had knowledge while 205 respondents had no knowledge of medicinal plant use. The community members believe in the power of Medicinal plants in preventing and controlling diseases and infections. The study concluded that, medicinal plants play an important role in providing primary healthcare to the rural communities and poor urban people; however community knowledge on the medicinal plant use was cited as the hindrance to the full utilization of the medicinal plants in the study area. It is recommended that in achieving the use of medicinal plants available, communities adjacent to the forest reserve should be sensitized on the importance of sustainable use of medicinal plants through seminars, workshops, drama, music or video shows and establishment of small scale industrial development organizations to process medicinal plant products.0000000000
Chemical and bacteriological assessment of piped and borehole water in Des salaam city, Tanzania
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2009-10) Mary. C., Kayombo
This study was undertaken to determine the quality of water by determining the e physicochemical parameters, chemical parameters and bacteriological properties of piped water, and boreholes water in Dar es Salaam city, as well as determination of the seasonal variation of raw water quality. Piped water samples were purposively collected at the point of treatment to the point of use. However all the operational boreholes water samples were sampled. Chlorine, conductivity, temperature, pH and Total dissolved solids were analyzed direct from the sites while Colour, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Alminium, Iron, Manganese, Ammonia, Nitrates, Chlorides, Calcium, Total coliforms and Faecal coliforms were analyzed in the laboratory following the standard procedures for water analysis. The results showed that, piped water was of better quality compared to that of the borehole as most of the values analyzed were within the maximum permissible limit according to WHO (2008) and current Tanzanian standards. The major contaminants in underground water were calcium derived geochemically, faecal coliforms and total coliform attributed to anthropogenic activities. Values for conductivity were much high for the borehole samples, with the highest mean value of (1241.5±1086.98) ps/cm recorded at Mzimuni Primary School while for the piped was (I52.35±48.65)ps/cm recorded at Upper Ruvu plant. The low values from the piped water were due to efficient water treatment process done by DAWASCO. The chemical elements analyzed in piped water, were all below the permissible limit except aluminium which had the highest mean value of (I.43±1.17)mg/l at House hold 1 which was above 1.0mg/I of that of Tanzanian standard maximum permissible limit of drinking water whereas those obtained from the borehole, were within the permissible limit. The highest mean value for total coliform was 3.66±0.58/lOQml from the piped water at City Botanical Garden and 3.33±2.08/100m for House hold 3, and 3±1/lOOmI, from the boreholes at Shauri Moyo. The highest value for faecal
Community perceptions towards compositing of municipal solid waste in Ewuata Village, Eruba Parish, vura Subcounty in Arua District
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2010-09) Amandua Ecebo, Joseph
Rapid growth of businesses and population in and around Arua town has led to increased production of solid waste consequently giving rise to increased volume of waste dumped in recipient communities. The most attractive and environmentally friendly option to get rid of this huge pileup of garbage and subsequent ones is through composting. The perceptions of recipient communities are crucial to understanding how municipal solid waste management problems might be resolved. Since Arua municipality still uses open dumping system of waste management, there is need to compost this waste to reduce its volume and at the same time to provide compost and other benefits associated with composting to the community. The perceptions of communities in the dumping areas (recipient communities) are likely to influence the start-up and performance of such initiative. This study provides insights on how recipient community perceptions affect composting of municipal solid waste in the dumping areas of Arua district. A structured questionnaire survey was implemented in order to interview local residents in the dumping area. The results showed that imparting municipal solid waste composting knowledge to recipient communities enhances increased participation and hence the amount of waste composted. The general perception is that people are willing to compost if there are some prior benefits or incentives given to them; otherwise it is feasible to compost in recipient communities. Therefore any composting scheme introduced in the recipient communities of Arua must be accompanied by direct incentives from the government or NGOs to motivate the people and at the same time to mitigate some of the hindrances/constraints to composting.
Effects of anthropogenic activities on tree species diversity in Gishwati forest reserve, Western, Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2010-09) Ishimo, Yvette
The study in Gishwati forest Reserve aimed at determining the effect of anthropogenic activities on tree species diversity. Three areas within the forest were described as Disturbed Forest (DF), Natural forest (NF) and secondary forest (SF) in consideration of level of human disturbance. Data collection was done using plot sampling based on enumerating tree species (with a diameter at breast height ≥10 cm) within the forest, and observations to improve on validity and reliability of the measurement. Four transects, ranging from 2 to 3.8 km in length and cutting through the disturbed and undisturbed portions of the study were established. The distribution of species within the sample plots was determined using percentage frequency, relative density and species abundance. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Pielou’s evenness index (~ were used to characterize species diversity in the sampling area. To determine if there was significant difference in tree species diversity between the disturbed and undisturbed areas of the Forest reserve, one-way Analysis of Variance (one-way ANOVA) test using SPSS package, version 16.0 was used to find if the means are different between different areas of the forest. Analysis of data collected from the 60 sample plots in the study area, revealed that 753 individuals trees were in existence: 44 species, 43 genera and 27 families. There was a difference in number of tree species and individual trees. The results showed 31 species with 235 tree individuals in disturbed forest, 40 species with 291 tree individuals in natural forest and 30 species with 227 tree individuals in secondary forest. The results revealed also that the differences in tree canopy density and tree diversity and DBH distribution are highly significant in three area of the forest.
Firewood scarcity challenges faced by rural women in Rwanda
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2011-07) Habineza, Alphonse
The pattern and profile & energy use prevailing today raises important questions about linkages between energy and the economy, social issues, security and above all, environmental protection. Rwanda has a number of potential energy resources from blomass, hydro, solar, petroleum, methane gas, wind and geothermal. However, the major Issue in this regard Is the technological exploitation and scientific data on this potential. The widespread and inefficient use of traditional blomass with low technologies and methods like the three stones stove for wood, coupled with inefficient kllns for charcoal, contributes to the overexploitatlon of forest stocks, environmental degradation, and health problems. The study was mainly a field survey carried out in Ruklra sector of Ngoma District, Eastern Province in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were: to assess the challenges faced by Rwandan rural women in gathering fuel wood as a source of energy, to identify the different energy sources used for lighting and cooking, to establish the scientific firewood scarcity in the study area and to find out the environmental consequences of using firewood. A number of research instruments were used in the study: Questionnaires, Interviews, observations and review of related literature. The sampling technique used was systematic purposive sampling to ensure that all the targeted population was fully and objectively involved in the study. The major findings of the study are that the sources of energy used for cooking and lighting in rural areas are dry wood, charcoal, crop residues, paraffin, candle and biogas. The causes of firewood decrease are population growth, insufficient forests, lack of land for tree plantation and poverty, among others. lime consuming, heavy woridoads, lack of access to education or to income generating activities and exposure to Indoor air pollution are among the challenges faced by rural women. The main environmental impacts associated with firewood use and collection are forest destruction, soil erosion and indoor air pollution. Finally, the study reveals that sustaining our environment is crucial for both present and future generations and thus all attempts aiming at soMng energy problems in rural areas must involve women for their success.
Firewood scarcity challenges faced by rural women in Rwanda
(2011-07) Habineza, Alphonse
The pattern and profile of energy use prevailing today raises important questions about linkages between energy and the economy, social issues, security and above all, environmental protection. Rwanda has a number of potential energy resources from biomass, hydro, solar, petroleum, methane gas, wind and geothermal. However, the major issue in this regard is the technological exploitation and scientific data on this potential. The widespread and inefficient use of traditional biomass with low technologies and methods like the three stones stove for wood, coupled with inefficient kilns for charcoal, contributes to the overexploitation of forest stocks, environmental degradation, and health problems. The study was mainly a field survey carried out in Rukira sector of Ngoma District, Eastern Province in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were: to assess the challenges faced by Rwandan rural women in gathering fuel wood as a source of energy, to identify the different energy sources used for lighting and cooking, to establish the scientific firewood scarcity in the study area and to find out the environmental consequences of using firewood. A number of research instruments were used in the study: Questionnaires, interviews, observations and review of related literature. The sampling technique used was systematic purposive sampling to ensure that all the targeted population was fully and objectively involved in the study. The major findings of the study are that the sources of energy used for cooking and lighting in rural areas are dry wood, charcoal, crop residues, paraffin, candle and biogas. The causes of firewood decrease are population growth, insufficient forests, lack of land for tree plantation and poverty, among others. Time consuming, heavy workloads, lack of access to education or to income generating activities and exposure to indoor air pollution are among the challenges faced by rural women. The main environmental impacts associated with firewood use and collection are forest destruction, soil erosion and indoor air pollution. Finally, the study reveals that sustaining our environment is crucial for both present and future generations and thus all attempts aiming at solving energy problems in rural areas must involve women for their success.
The effect of introduced tree species on the soils of Namwasa Central Forest Reserve, Mubende-Uganda
(Kampala International University, School Engineering, 2011-09) Abdallah, Munubi
Humans move tree species beyond their native ranges both deliberately and unknowingly. In areas around Namwasa central forest reserve, most of the trees have been cleared by charcoal burners and cultivators who are residents of the area. The study assessed the diversity and abundance of introduced tree species, assessed the effects of introduced tree species on some selected soil properties and evaluated how significant these trees are economically and ecologically. Floristic information on the tree species was obtained by transects made from five compartments of the forest reserve. Eight small sample plots of dimensions 30m by 15m were made on each transect line separated by a distance of lOOm using tape measures and marked with flagging tapes. Four introduced tree species namely Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus Urophylla and twenty two native tree species were identified. Random core soil samples (8cm diameter x 15cm height) were collected around the selected tree species in sample plots using a trowel and put in Ziploc bags and later transported to the Uganda government analytical laboratory for analysis. Soil samples were collected from both introduced tree species and the natural forest for comparison. Samples were analyzed for soil parameters such as texture, structure, pH, Mg, Pb, Cl, electrical conductivity, bulk density, No3, Ca, Mn, Cu, So4, P04, Fe, NH3, Na, K, Ni, Zn, and organic matter. Shannon Weiner index (H’) was -1.514, species richness (5) was 24 and species evenness (EH) was 0.477. ANOVA results indicated that introduced tree species significantly affect the selected soil properties. The coefficient results indicate that three introduced tree species have a significant effect on the selected soil properties. Correlation results indicated that ph is negatively correlated all other soil properties (r.<0). There is need to establish a monitoring and sensitization team to educate residents of Namwasa Central forest reserve to stop setting fires and charcoal burning in the forest reserve since they destroy plantations The planting of introduced tree species such as Eucalyptus which are tolerant to severe periodic moisture stress, low soil fertility is here by encouraged.
Household behavior on solid waste management : a case study of Kicukiro District, in Kigali City Rwanda
(School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2011-10) Mukamana, Epiphanie
Environmental impacts of sea weed farming at Paje Village on the East Coast of Zanzibar Island.
(2012-01) Majid M., Suleiman
Seaweed has many uses which including source of food, in agriculture is used as organic fertilizer and also has been used in medicinal products. However, seaweed farming has side effects on environment and most coastal communities who involved in this farming do not well known. The general objective of this study was to assess environmental impacts of seaweed farming. The specific objectives of the study were including; to identify types of seaweed and activities related to seaweed farming and to find out environmental impacts of the activities involving in seaweed farming. The study investigation was guided by questions that aimed to establish what activities carried out prior to establishing a seaweed farm and to what extent the activities lead to environmental degradation. The methods of data collection were both quantitative and qualitative approach. The instruments used including questionnaires, interviews and discussions. The major findings of the study revealed that seaweed farming has impacts on both marine and terrestrial environment. The study concluded that seaweed farming impacts most affecting marine ecology. The study recommended number of strategies focusing in controlling and minimizing the environmental impacts of seaweed farming activities these including monitoring seaweed farming projects and providing environmental education to seaweed farmers.
The impact of deforestation on the environment: a case study of Buga Village, Kamdini Sub-County Yam District
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2012-09) Oryema, James
Deforestation has become an issue of Global Environmental concern because of the value of forest in biodiversity conservation and in limiting the greenhouse effect. The major objective of the study is to investigate the impact of deforestation on the Environment in Uganda. Specifically, the study aimed at finding out the values of forests to the Environment, investigating the factors responsible for the persistent deforestation, determining the impact of deforestation on the Environment and formulating measures for solving the problem of deforestation. The study was carried out in Kamdini Sub-County, Oyam District. A sample of 120 respondents was selected. This was a small sample compared to the total population of people of Uganda but given that this was an academic study coupled with limited financial resources, this sample was commensurately appropriate. A variety of data collection methods were used. These include interviews, observations and photography. These participatory research methods provided an opportunity for respondent to take for themselves without attribution and highlight their resources. Study findings highlighted a general lack of sustainable development. They indeed revealed that a few people practice sustainable use of the Environment. The study recommended that further research on this be made in future.
Adoption of inorganic fertilizes for crop production by local communities in Soroti District, Uganda.
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2012-10) Eniru Emmanuel, Innocent
In modern agriculture, inorganic fertilizers are commonly being used to supplement soil nutrients, to promote plant growth, to increase crop productivity and also improve food quality. Fertilizer adoption in Uganda in small holder agriculture is among the lowest in comparison with other Sub-Sahara African countries. This study was carried out to investigate the adoption of inorganic fertilizers for crop production in Soroti district by identifying the common types of inorganic fertilizers used for crop production, finding out the factors affecting the adoption of inorganic fertilizers, and determining the relationship between adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. The methods used were stratified random sampling, purposive, and snowball sampling. The data collection instruments were the questionnaires and structured interview schedules. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists software. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. ANOVA and t-test were carried out to determine significant mean differences between samples. Results from the study showed that DAP and Urea are the most commonly used inorganic fertilizers in all the sub-counties. The factors affecting adoption of inorganic fertilizers are high cost of purchasing, lack of sensitization, inaccessibility of the inorganic fertilizers, lack of training, cultural or negative attitude, poor storage facilities, and unreliable weather patterns. The ANOVA test indicated that there is no significant mean difference in fertilizer usage among the four sub-counties. However, from the t-test for independent samples, it was observed that there is a statistically significant difference between the means in the views regarding fertilizer usage between the local people in the different sub-counties and agricultural officers from NGOs, CBOs and NAADs coordinators. There is a modest and significant correlation between the adoption of inorganic fertilizers and crop yields. This study recommends frequent sensitization and training sessions, integrated fertilizer-use approach, a comprehensive fertilizer policy, provision of improved seeds or crop varieties, and setting up community demo-sites and carrying Environmental screening.
Waste Management and Community Health Amongst the Somali Community in East Leigh Sub Divisio Central Kenya
(Kampala International University, School of Engineering Science, 2013-12) Hamda, Jama Adam
The purpose of this study was to relate waste management to community health, to test the null hypothesis, to confirm or deny the congenital malformations theory by Upton (1989); and to generate new information from the existing ones. The study was in Somali Community of East Leigh Sub-division in the central Kenya, Nairobi. The specific objectives of the study were: to find out the nature of wastes; to identify the waste management systems in the sub-division; to determine the effectiveness of waste management in the area; to determine the level of community health; and to find out whether there was a significant relationship between the two study variables. In the literature, different opinions and ideas of scholars and authors were internalized and articulated so as to bring out a clear understanding of the study concepts. Descriptive correlation design was used in this study and SLOVEN’s formula was used to determine a sample size of 177 respondents from a population of 320. Sampling was done by the use of purposive and simple random sampling. Self-administered questionnaires were used as research instrument and validity and reliability of research instruments were done using Content Validity Index and pre-testing. Ethical and logistic considerations of research were also taken seriously in this research. Data was analyzed through statistical techniques such as mean, correlation matrix and regression model. Research findings portrayed that different natures of wastes in the area were less common (mean=2.50); it was found out that more waste management systems were used at East Leigh sub-division (mean=2.64); waste management in the area was found to be effective (mean=2.53) the level of community health in the area was found to be high (mean=2.53); and lastly, it was also discovered that there is a positive significant relationship between the study variables at (r=0.991, R-Squared value 0.982; Mean Squares 111. 109 and F value of 9.800E3
Assessment of industrial wastewater effluents into urban ecosystem Kigali, Rwanda
(Kampala International University.College of Engneering, 2013-12) Edwin, Byusa
Rwanda is developing its industrial sector for economic development; those industries are regularly generating wastes, either solid, liquid and gas which can in one way or another harm the living species. For the purpose of this study, an assessment of industrial wastewater effluents into urban wetland ecosystem was done and City of Kigali is considered. The objectives of the study was to establish the pollutants in the effluent of key point sources of Kigali and then assess the effluent discharge management methods and treatments regimes. if any. of three key identified pollution point sources. The pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial effluent into environment is a disturbing environmental crisis of Kigali City. Industries do not have effluent treatment facilities and where the system exists, it does not meet the requirement for effluent standard before their dumping into surface water. It is for this endeavor that effluents from some industries were analyzed through laboratory experiments and then compare the results to the national standards maximum limits requi1·ed for effluents to be discharged to environment. It was found that the urban wetland is polluted by the presence of a higher concentration of TSS. COD. Faecal Coli forms. Cd. Cu. CN. Ni and Phenol rn all the tree sampling sites. And Pb at Kabuye and UTEXR WA. As at UTEXRWA and RUGANWA and then TDS at UTEXRWA, BOD at KABUYE. Fe at UTEXRWA, Cr (VI) at UTEXR WA and Hg is higher at UTEXR WA. The pH value was found to be higher at UTEXR WA and lower at Kabuye. The problem of unplanned settlement leads to having many human activities near those effluents point. Both animal and plant communities are highly affected by the pollulated effluents. so all concerned industries should treat their effluents to protect the biodiversity and reuse them for saving costs, then water is regulated. and the industry's public image is improved. Government should ensure that the fixed standards are respected by monitoring wastewater discharges. The principle of intergeneration equity should guide all of us, as environmental protection is concerned. This is the wise use of environment, natural resources for present and future generations.
Assessment of urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, Rwanda
(Kampala International University.College of Engneering, 2013-12) Theoneste, Bimenyimana
Assessment of urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, Rwanda
(Kampala International University, Master’s Degree of Environmental Management and Development, 2013-12) Bimenyimana, Theoneste
There is insufficient freshwater in the world for everyone’s essential personal and domestic needs (Johns, 1998). However, lack of distribution nei:works and working systems to extract groundwater or harvest rainwater; exclusion from these services or facilities; inequitable allocation of water resources; and pollution, limit people’s access to sufficient clean water. Large numbers of households in cities around the developing world do not have access to safe drinking water. This study was about urban potable water availability and accessibility in Kigali City, especially in the selected sectors of Gatovu, Nyabugogo, and Kacyiru in Kigali city. A field survey was conducted using questionnaire that were administered to 100 respondents selected purposively. Statistical data analyses were performed using SPSS version 16.0, and maps were produced with Arc GIS software version 9.3 and 10. The water quality was studied in the laboratories and analyzed by Rwanda Bureau of Standards (RBS). Pearson correlation coefficient (PrCC) was done to analyze the associations between the Physico~ chemical contaminants in the potable ground water sources such as River water, improved ground well and rain water. The water quality in the available water sources was however below or within acceptable levels of drinking water in comparison with WHO (2011) standards. Physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics tested were in the range that is palatable to humans. Furthermore, the existing water network was not evenly distributed over the entire area of Kigali city which showed lack of safe potable water in many areas. Poor availability and accessibility of potable water have negative impacts such as diseases, accidents, insecurity for vulnerable groups like women and children, and economical constraints like high costs of water bills and transport for long distances. Based on current situation, there is need for government to improve rainwater harvesting and management in Kigali city.

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