Browsing by Author "Norein Adam Abdelgafa Baher,"

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    Evaluating the Effectiveness of Legal Reforms in Sudan since 2005 in Mitigating Racial and Ethnic Discrimination
    (Kampala International University, 2025-07-18) Norein Adam Abdelgafa Baher,
    This article critically examines the effectiveness of legal reforms enacted in Sudan since 2005 in addressing racial and ethnic discrimination, with particular attention to marginalized regions such as Darfur, the Blue Nile, and the Nuba Mountains. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, the study analyzes key legislative instruments including the Interim National Constitution (2005), the National Human Rights Commission Act (2016), and the Criminal Act amendments (2020)in conjunction with Sudan’s obligations under international law, including the ICCPR and ICERD. The findings reveal a persistent disconnect between the statutory prohibition of discrimination and the practical enforcement of these norms. Institutional weaknesses, political interference, and entrenched customary practices continue to undermine the effectiveness of legal reforms. Ethnic minorities remain disproportionately affected by selective law enforcement, restricted access to justice, and militarized state responses. The article concludes that while Sudan’s legal framework demonstrates formal compliance with international anti-discrimination standards, its implementation remains inadequate. It recommends comprehensive judicial reform, enhanced legal literacy initiatives, increased resource allocation to regional enforcement bodies, and deeper integration of international legal norms into domestic legislation to ensure effective protection of minority rights